Correlated light and electron microscopy (CLEM) has become essential in life sciences due to advancements in imaging resolution, sensitivity, and sample preservation. In nanotoxicology─specifically, studying the health effects of particulate matter exposure─CLEM can enable molecular-level structural as well as functional analysis of nanoparticle interactions with lung tissue, which is key for the understanding of modes of action. In our study, we implement an integrated high-resolution fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and hyperspectral fluorescence imaging (fHSI), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultrahigh resolution helium ion microscopy (HIM) and synchrotron micro X-ray fluorescence (SR μXRF), to characterize the nanobio interface and to better elucidate the modes of action of lung epithelial cells response to known inflammatory titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2 NTs). Morpho-functional assessment uncovered several mechanisms associated with extensive DNA, essential minerals, and iron accumulation, cellular surface immobilization, and the localized formation of fibrous structures, all confirming immunomodulatory responses. These findings advance our understanding of the early cellular processes leading to inflammation development after lung epithelium exposure to these high-aspect-ratio nanoparticles. Our high-resolution experimental approach, exploiting light, ion, and electron sources, provides a robust framework for future research into nanoparticle toxicity and its impact on human health.

• Keywords
• TiO2 nanotubes, correlated light and electron microscopy, helium ion microscopy, lung epithelium inflammation, nanobio interface, synchrotron micro X-ray fluorescence,
• MeSH
• Epithelial Cells * drug effects   pathology   MeSH
• Microscopy, Fluorescence MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Nanoparticles * chemistry   toxicity   MeSH
• Nanotubes chemistry   MeSH
• Lung * drug effects   pathology   cytology   MeSH
• Titanium * chemistry   toxicity   MeSH
• Particle Size MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Names of Substances
• Titanium * MeSH
• titanium dioxide MeSH Browser