Mouse neuronal CAD 5 cell line effectively propagates various strains of prions. Previously, we have shown that it can also be differentiated into the cells morphologically resembling neurons. Here, we demonstrate that CAD 5 cells chronically infected with prions undergo differentiation under the same conditions. To make our model more realistic, we triggered the differentiation in the 3D culture created by gentle rocking of CAD 5 cell suspension. Spheroids formed within 1 week and were fully developed in less than 3 weeks of culture. The mature spheroids had a median size of ~300 μm and could be cultured for up to 12 weeks. Increased expression of differentiation markers GAP 43, tyrosine hydroxylase, β-III-tubulin and SNAP 25 supported the differentiated status of the spheroid cells. The majority of them were found in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, which is typical for differentiated cells. Moreover, half of the PrPC on the cell membrane was N-terminally truncated, similarly as in differentiated CAD 5 adherent cells. Finally, we demonstrated that spheroids could be created from prion-infected CAD 5 cells. The presence of prions was verified by immunohistochemistry, western blot and seed amplification assay. We also confirmed that the spheroids can be infected with the prions de novo. Our 3D culture model of differentiated CAD 5 cells is low cost, easy to produce and cultivable for weeks. We foresee its possible use in the testing of anti-prion compounds and future studies of prion formation dynamics.

• Klíčová slova
• PrP, cell differentiation, neuronal cells, prion infection, prion protein, spheroid culture,
• MeSH
• buněčná diferenciace * fyziologie   MeSH
• buněčné kultury metody   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• buněčné sféroidy * metabolismus   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• neurony metabolismus   MeSH
• prionové nemoci * metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• priony metabolismus   MeSH
• techniky 3D buněčné kultury metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• priony MeSH

OBJECTIVES: At present, medical thermal imaging is still considered a mere qualitative tool enabling us to distinguish between but lacking the ability to quantify the physiological and nonphysiological states of the body. Such a capability would, however, facilitate solving the problem of medical quantification, whose presence currently manifests itself within the entire healthcare system. METHODS: A generally applicable method to enhance captured 3D spatial data carrying temperature-related information is presented; in this context, all equations required for other data fusions are derived. The method can be utilized for high-density point clouds or detailed meshes at a high resolution but is conveniently usable in large objects with sparse points. RESULTS: The benefits of the approach are experimentally demonstrated on 3D thermal scans of injured subjects. We obtained diagnostic information inaccessible via traditional methods. CONCLUSION: Using a 3D model and thermal image data fusion allows the quantification of inflammation, facilitating more precise injury and illness diagnostics or monitoring. The technique offers a wide application potential in medicine and multiple technological domains, including electrical and mechanical engineering.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• termografie přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• zánět diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to develop a novel method for creating highly detailed three-dimensional physical models of lung lobes, incorporating tumour morphology and surrounding structures, with the aim of improving the assessment of operability for central lung tumours. CASE PRESENTATION: A method was developed that uses standard computed tomography (CT) scans to mark the desired structures and generate a three-dimensional image for physical model creation. The generated STL files can be seamlessly integrated into virtual reality, allowing the sharing of selected CT scan data. Our approach has been successfully integrated into clinical practice, enabling multidisciplinary teams to make informed decisions for patients with central lung tumours. We have reduced the preparation time of physical models from 100 h to 18 h. CONCLUSIONS: The novel method, which employs 3D printing technology, has enhanced the assessment of operability for central lung tumours, thereby facilitating more precise decisions regarding patient management. This innovative approach has the potential to enhance patient outcomes by reducing complications and optimizing treatment planning.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D printing, Central lung tumours, Lung Cancer, Operability,
• MeSH
• 3D tisk * MeSH
• anatomické modely * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nádory plic * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   patologie   MeSH
• plíce diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH

Three-dimensional (3D) sonography is the next logical step in diagnostic ultrasound examination. The true value of 3D ultrasonography, however, becomes evident only if 3D structures can be assessed without preconceptions ensuing from 2D interpretations. 3D ultrasonography can greatly improve our understanding of locomotor apparatus anatomy and pathology. The authors used spatial analysis to evaluate the data obtained by examination of patients with orthopedic diagnoses. The Voluson 530 MT and SONOReal system were used for examination. The Voluson permits a choice of either a 2D or a 3D imaging program for musculoskeletal system examination. The SONOReal, owing to a positional sensor of the probe, can be attached to any ultrasound transducer. In the period from 1990 to 2004, a total of 19 000 patients were examined by ultrasonography and, in 6 500 of them, the diagnosis was verified by another method, which showed a 99 % reliability of ultrasound examination. In 350 patients 2D imaging was followed by 3D examination; in 53 of them, 3D coronal and multiplanar imaging made the diagnosis based on 2D imaging more accurate and, in 12 patients, it provided new information on the patient's diagnosis. 3D reconstructions were made in 101 patients, of these 40 had been examined by other imaging methods (magnetic resonance, computer-assisted tomography) or arthroscopy. The results of examination showed a 100% correlation. Spatial reconstruction is based on the volume rendering method. This is an extension of the planar reconstruction method. Additional image processing techniques are used for a region of interest within a 3D volume data set. 3D ultrasound revealed a spatial relationship between lesions and their surfaces. The surface mode requires that the interface between tissues with different acoustic impedances should be a start line of 3D rendering. The acoustic threshold is a condition that restricts imaging circumstances in which surface rendering will be successful. Exploring 3D reconstructions with power Doppler scanning, which is more sensitive for tracking vessels, is a unique technique that can hardly be compared with any other imaging modality. 3D-volume imaging gives the examiner freedom to generate anatomical views from an infinite number of perspectives and allows us to explore anatomic relationships in the ways not available in any conventional 2D imaging. A spatial reconstruction presents a nearly perfect anatomical model. The possibility of storing volume data is considered a further progressive trend. It greatly contributes to enhancement of the scope of follow-up examinations, permits comparisons of expert conclusions and can serve educational purposes. The digital technology offers various networking solutions and plays a role in the development of 3D telemedicine. Although the diagnostic efficacy of 3D imaging is not greatly enhanced when compared with a 2D examination done by a well-trained specialist, the features of coronary sections and spatial reconstructions represent great progress of this imaging technology.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• muskuloskeletální systém diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• ultrasonografie MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

OBJECTIVES: To distinguish the layers of the vocal fold at the submacroscopic level and determine their boundaries, thereby creating a basis for the construction of a digital 3D model of the human vocal folds. STUDY DESIGN: The submacroscopic delineation of individual layers of fixed vocal ligaments based on their structural differences. METHODS: Following tasks were performed: (1) Submicroscopic dissection of the vocal folds fixed in a solution with a low concentration of fixation substance (in this case, the muscular parts of the vocal folds were removed); (2) Using the CT and micro-MRI methods, we determined the position of the dense parts of the vocal folds; and (3) Using a modified plastination method, we preserved macroscopically natural appearance of all ligamentous and muscular layers. RESULTS: The vocal ligament is composed of several volumes of connective tissue. It is surrounded by layers of fibrous material permeated by liquid. Individual fibers stretch all the way to the fibrous casing (fascia) of the vocal muscle. The vocal fold layer surrounding the ligament externally has a stratified character. CONCLUSIONS: According to our findings, we infer that this ligament is a complex of several fibrous bundles which are surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue. Below the surface of epithelium of the vocal fold run several separate bands which are closely adjacent to it. Therefore, we propose using the term ligamentous complex involving closely adjacent structures, instead of the vocal ligament only. We feel that it better reflects the functional and structural character of the whole formation.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D digital model, Human vocal fold, Lamina propria, Plastinated larynx, Vocal ligamentous complex,
• MeSH
• anatomické modely * MeSH
• disekce MeSH
• fonace MeSH
• glottis anatomie a histologie   diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• hlas MeSH
• hlasové řasy anatomie a histologie   diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• konfokální mikroskopie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• počítačová grafika * MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie MeSH
• počítačová simulace * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This paper focuses on the method for creating 3-dimensional (3D) digital models extracted from patient- specific scans of the brain. The described approach consists of several cross-platform stages: raw data segmentation, data correction in 3D-modelling software, post-processing of the 3D digital models and their presentation on an interactive web-based platform. This method of data presentation offers a cost and time effective option to present medical data accurately. An important aspect of the process is using real patient data and enriching the traditional slice-based representation of the scans with 3D models that can provide better understanding of the organs' structures. The resulting 3D digital models also form the basis for further processing into different modalities, for example models in Virtual Reality or 3D physical model printouts. The option to make medical data less abstract and more understandable can extend their use beyond diagnosis and into a potential aid in anatomy and patient education. The methods presented in this paper were originally based on the master thesis 'Transparent Minds: Testing for Efficiency of Transparency in 3D Physical and 3D Digital Models', which focussed on creating and comparing the efficiency of transparent 3D physical and 3D digital models from real-patient data.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D models, Alzheimer’s disease, data segmentation, medical art, medical visualization, patient data,
• MeSH
• anatomické modely * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek MeSH
• software MeSH
• virtuální realita * MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY We hypothesized that preoperative planning with 3D modeling of complex foot deformities would be useful for the education of orthopedics and traumatology residents. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study is prospectively designed study with a control group. Twenty eight residents (study group) who assisted the surgeons during the interventions and ten senior surgeons (control group) were included in the study. All participants assessed virtual 3D-CT images and videos of the cases before the surgery. Ten adult cases of foot bone deformities were evaluated. 3D-CT reconstruction was performed and a 3D model of each deformity was created using the hospital's picture archiving and communication system. The completed 3D models were sterilized in hydrogen peroxide and put on the surgical table in a sterile manner. After surgery, the residents (group I) and surgeons (group II) were questioned regarding their satisfaction with 3D modeling. Responses were structured by a five-point Likert scale (1, strongly disagree; 2, disagree; 3, neither agree nor disagree; 4, agree; and 5, strongly agree). RESULTS The surgeons (group II, n = 10) were satisfied with the sterilized 3D models, which they could touch and re-examine on the operating table. The residents (group I, n = 28) were significantly more satisfied than the senior surgeons (p=0.01). The 3D modeling met both the surgeons' and residents' expectations. DISCUSSION The survey results for the surgeons (group II) were satisfied with the sterilized 3D models, which they could touch and reexamine on the operating table (question 3). They gave the best scores (mean, 4.8/5) for clarity of the 3D model. On the other hand, they gave the lowest scores (mean 3.1/5) to 3D models due to its contribution in understanding deformity over virtual 3D-CT evaluations (question 2 and 5). The residents (group I) differed from those for the senior surgeons. Residents gave the highest scores for understanding of the deformity (question 2 and 5) and clarity (question 1). These outcomes may be interpreted to indicate i) that 3D modeling may be used for education, and ii) that younger surgeons are more interested in novel technological developments. Therefore, the outcomes did differ significantly between the senior surgeons and residents (Table 1). These outcomes may be explicated as; 3D modeling of the foot deformities may not be mandatory for the experienced surgeons for understanding the deformity. On the other hand 3D modeling would be useful tools for younger surgeons and for their education. CONCLUSIONS 3D modeling of foot deformities is more informative than virtual 3D videos. However, with consideration of costs and long processing times, 3D printing may be used optimally for rare deformities. When considering the role of touch sense in surgical learning, 3D modeling gives more detailed and more satisfactory planning than virtual 3D videos. 3D modeling is more useful for young surgeons, and it will be used mainly for education in the future. Key words: 3D printing, deformity, foot and ankle, simulation.

• MeSH
• 3D tisk MeSH
• chirurgové * MeSH
• deformity nohy (od hlezna dolů) * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ortopedie * MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Pediatric surgery is a medical specialty focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and postoperative care of children with congenital and acquired anomalies and diseases. The goal of pediatric surgeons is to ensure that children receive the best possible care while minimizing the risks and complications associated with surgical procedures. Contemporary pediatric surgeons face many challenges, including a decline in the number of children with congenital developmental defects, economic pressures, and efforts to increase efficiency, leading to reduced time spent on individual surgeries. This can limit the opportunity for thorough training of young surgeons. These challenges require innovative approaches and continuous improvement in educational and training methods. Minimally invasive surgery has become a significant part of pediatric surgery, offering benefits such as faster recovery, smaller surgical wounds, and lower risk of infection. However, minimally invasive pediatric surgery is technically demanding and requires excellent technical skills. The need to maintain and improve surgical skills demands ongoing training. Current educational methods increasingly rely on simulation technologies to enhance the quality and safety of training without risk to patients. The integration of 3D printing technology and imaging data from CT and MRI scans has opened new possibilities for creating highly realistic simulation models for minimally invasive surgery. These models accurately replicate the environment encountered in procedures like neonatal surgery. In this article, we present our experience with the development and creation of 3D-printed synthetic models designed for training thoracoscopic surgery of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula. The aim of this review article is to provide an up-to-date overview of the literature on synthetic 3D-printed models designed for training in minimally invasive pediatric surgery.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D model, Minimally invasive surgery, Simulation, esophageal atresia, minimally invasive surgery, pediatric surgery,
• MeSH
• 3D tisk * MeSH
• anatomické modely * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• miniinvazivní chirurgické výkony * výchova   MeSH
• pediatrie * výchova   MeSH
• tréninková simulace * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Ectodermal organ development, including lacrimal gland, is characterized by an interaction between an epithelium and a mesenchyme. Murine lacrimal gland is a good model to study non-stereotypical branching morphogenesis. In vitro cultures allow the study of morphogenesis events with easy access to high-resolution imaging. Particularly, embryonic lacrimal gland organotypic 3D cell cultures enable the follow-up of branching morphogenesis thanks to the analysis of territories organization by immunohistochemistry. In this chapter, we describe a method to culture primary epithelial fragments together with primary mesenchymal cells, isolated from embryonic day 17 lacrimal glands.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D culture, Branching, Development, Epithelium, Lacrimal gland, Morphogenesis,
• MeSH
• epitel MeSH
• morfogeneze MeSH
• myši MeSH
• orgánové kultury - kultivační techniky MeSH
• slzné ústrojí * MeSH
• techniky 3D buněčné kultury MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has gained popularity across various domains but remains less integrated into medical surgery due to its complexity. Existing literature primarily discusses specific applications, with limited detailed guidance on the entire process. The methodological details of converting Computed Tomography (CT) images into 3D models are often found in amateur 3D printing forums rather than scientific literature. To address this gap, we present a comprehensive methodology for converting CT images of bone fractures into 3D-printed models. This involves transferring files in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format to stereolithography format, processing the 3D model, and preparing it for printing. Our methodology outlines step-by-step guidelines, time estimates, and software recommendations, prioritizing free open-source tools. We also share our practical experience and outcomes, including the successful creation of 72 models for surgical planning, patient education, and teaching. Although there are challenges associated with utilizing 3D printing in surgery, such as the requirement for specialized expertise and equipment, the advantages in surgical planning, patient education, and improved outcomes are evident. Further studies are warranted to refine and standardize these methodologies for broader adoption in medical practice.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D printing, Image-guided surgery, Medical education, Patient-specific models, Preoperative planning, Surgery,
• MeSH
• 3D tisk * MeSH
• anatomické modely MeSH
• fraktury kostí * diagnostické zobrazování   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počítačová rentgenová tomografie * metody   MeSH
• radiologické informační systémy organizace a řízení   MeSH
• traumatologie MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH