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The flours from pigmented and glutinous rice have a great potential to increase the nutritional quality of gluten-free breads. The characteristics of whole-meal fine flours, slurries, doughs, and breads prepared from black, red, and white glutinous rice were, therefore, compared with commercially used refined fine and semi-coarse white rice flours. The pasting properties of different flours were strongly influenced by the type of rice they were made from. Slurries with red and glutinous flours exhibited a shift to a lower pasting temperature T0, lower values of ηPeak and ηFinal, as well as higher values of the breakdown and setback region than the slurries with refined flours. The slurry with black flour exhibited high values of viscosity η0 and breakdown, together with low values of ηFinal, setback region and total setback. Bread characteristics were strongly correlated with the pasting properties. The presence of bran particles did not negatively impact loaf volume, crumb hardness, springiness, and chewiness. Some defects were observed in glutinous and red rice bread. Fine flour exhibited better baking performance than semi-coarse flour. Glutinous flour has the potential to become an ingredient in gluten-free baking. The applicability of various black and red rice flours may be limited by the flavor and the taste.
- Klíčová slova
- applicability, black rice, bread quality, dough, glutinous rice, red rice, rheology, slurry, texture,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Pure graphene in the form of few-layer graphene (FLG) - 1 to 6 layers - is biocompatible and non-cytotoxic. This makes FLG an ideal material to incorporate into dental polymers to increase their strength and durability. It is well known that graphene has high mechanical strength and has been shown to enhance the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of biomaterials. However, for commercial applicability, methods to produce larger than lab-scale quantities of graphene are required. Here, we present a simple method to make large quantities of FLG starting with commercially available multi-layer graphene (MLG). This FLG material was then used to fabricate graphene dental-polymer composites. The resultant graphene-modified composites show that low concentrations of graphene (ca. 0.2 wt %) lead to enhanced performance improvement in physio-mechanical properties - the mean compressive strength increased by 27% and the mean compressive modulus increased by 22%. Herein we report a new, cheap and simple method to make large quantities of few-layer graphene which was then incorporated into a common dental polymer to fabricate graphene-composites which shows very promising mechanical properties.
- Klíčová slova
- biocompatibility, bioglass, graphene, mechanical properties, nanocomposite,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
An analysis is presented of the ability of balanced mechanical ventilation systems to reduce the radon concentration in residential buildings efficiently. The analysis takes into account the following parameters: radon supply rate into the building, ventilation intensity, required indoor radon concentration and energy consumption. It is shown that the applicability of ventilation systems is limited mainly by energy consumption. Ventilation systems can be considered energetically acceptable if the ventilation intensity does not exceed 0.6 h-1, i.e. radon supply rate should not exceed 60 Bq/m3h for a required indoor radon concentration of 100 Bq/m3. Energy consumption can be significantly reduced by operating the ventilation system in a cyclic mode. Simulating the behavior of ventilation systems in time has been found as a useful tool for their design. In order to express by one parameter energy consumption and radon reduction, a completely new quantity-the 'radon-related energy need' has been proposed.
Forest models are instrumental for understanding and projecting the impact of climate change on forests. A considerable number of forest models have been developed in the last decades. However, few systematic and comprehensive model comparisons have been performed in Europe that combine an evaluation of modelled carbon and water fluxes and forest structure. We evaluate 13 widely used, state-of-the-art, stand-scale forest models against field measurements of forest structure and eddy-covariance data of carbon and water fluxes over multiple decades across an environmental gradient at nine typical European forest stands. We test the models' performance in three dimensions: accuracy of local predictions (agreement of modelled and observed annual data), realism of environmental responses (agreement of modelled and observed responses of daily gross primary productivity to temperature, radiation and vapour pressure deficit) and general applicability (proportion of European tree species covered). We find that multiple models are available that excel according to our three dimensions of model performance. For the accuracy of local predictions, variables related to forest structure have lower random and systematic errors than annual carbon and water flux variables. Moreover, the multi-model ensemble mean provided overall more realistic daily productivity responses to environmental drivers across all sites than any single individual model. The general applicability of the models is high, as almost all models are currently able to cover Europe's common tree species. We show that forest models complement each other in their response to environmental drivers and that there are several cases in which individual models outperform the model ensemble. Our framework provides a first step to capturing essential differences between forest models that go beyond the most commonly used accuracy of predictions. Overall, this study provides a point of reference for future model work aimed at predicting climate impacts and supporting climate mitigation and adaptation measures in forests.
- Klíčová slova
- eddy-covariance, gap model, model ensemble, model evaluation, process-based modeling, terrestrial carbon dynamics,
- MeSH
- klimatické změny * MeSH
- koloběh uhlíku * MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- uhlík MeSH
- voda MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- uhlík MeSH
- voda MeSH
The availability of a great range of prior biological knowledge about the roles and functions of genes and gene-gene interactions allows us to simplify the analysis of gene expression data to make it more robust, compact, and interpretable. Here, we objectively analyze the applicability of functional clustering for the identification of groups of functionally related genes. The analysis is performed in terms of gene expression classification and uses predictive accuracy as an unbiased performance measure. Features of biological samples that originally corresponded to genes are replaced by features that correspond to the centroids of the gene clusters and are then used for classifier learning. Using 10 benchmark data sets, we demonstrate that functional clustering significantly outperforms random clustering without biological relevance. We also show that functional clustering performs comparably to gene expression clustering, which groups genes according to the similarity of their expression profiles. Finally, the suitability of functional clustering as a feature extraction technique is evaluated and discussed.
Fucosylation is a common modification, and its site in glycans refers to different normal and pathological processes. Despite intensive research, there is still a lack of methods to discriminate unambiguously the fucose position in one-step. In this work, we propose utility of phenylhydrazine (PHN) labeling for structural studies of fucosylated N-glycans by tandem MALDI mass spectrometry (MS) in the positive ion mode. PHN-tag influences the production of specific ion types, and the MS/MS fragmentation pattern provides useful structural information. All types of core fucosylated N-glycans have produced two abundant ions consistent with B- and C-glycosidic cleavages corresponding to the loss of the FucGlcNAcPHN residue with a mass 457 and 441 Da from the parent ions. These types of fragment ions in N-glycans without a core fucose were associated with the loss of the GlcNAcPHN unit (311 and 295 Da), and fucose cleavage followed the loss of the chitobiose residue. Since diagnostic useful cleavages produce peaks with significant intensities, this approach is also beneficial for rapid recognition of antenna from core fucosylation in glycans detected with low abundances. Moreover, in multifucosylated glycans, this type of labeling allows to distinguish how many fucose residues are on the specific antenna and provides additional information on the topology of N-glycans, such as type of antennarity or identification of bisecting moiety. The practical applicability of the approach is demonstrated on the analysis of multifucosylated N-glycans detected with lower abundances in lung cancer samples.
- MeSH
- fenylhydraziny chemie MeSH
- fukosa analýza MeSH
- glykosylace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nádory plic chemie MeSH
- polysacharidy chemie MeSH
- spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- fenylhydraziny MeSH
- fukosa MeSH
- phenylhydrazine MeSH Prohlížeč
- polysacharidy MeSH
The synthesis of peptide bonds catalysed by subtilisin Carlsberg was studied in different hydrophilic organic solvents with variable H2O concentration. Z-Val-Trp-OMe and Z-Ala-Phe-OMe were used as acyl donors, and a series of amino acid derivatives, di- and tripeptides of the general structure Xaa-Gly, Gly-Xaa, Gly-Gly-Xaa (Xaa represents all natural L-amino acids except cysteine) and other peptides were used as nucleophiles. A comparative study of the enzymatic synthesis in aqueous DMF (50%, v/v) and acetonitrile containing 10% (v/v) of H2O demonstrated that the yields of peptide products were higher in most cases when acetonitrile with low H2O concentration was used. The acylation of weak nucleophiles was improved in organic solvents with very low H2O concentration (2%). The reactions in anhydrous Bu(t)-OH proceeded with substantially lower velocity. Generally, the restricted nucleophile specificity of the enzyme for glycine and hydrophilic amino acid residues in P1' position, as well as numerous side reactions, limit the utilization of subtilisin in peptide synthesis, especially in the case of the segment condensations. Contrary to the published data, we have proved that proline derivatives were not acylated in any media with the help of subtilisin Carlsberg. Effective ester hydrolysis of a protected nonapeptide corresponding to the N-terminal sequence of dicarba-eel-calcitonin catalysed by subtilisin was achieved.
- MeSH
- acetonitrily chemie MeSH
- biosyntéza peptidů * MeSH
- biotechnologie metody MeSH
- chemické modely MeSH
- hydrolýza MeSH
- peptidy chemická syntéza MeSH
- subtilisiny chemie MeSH
- voda chemie MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- acetonitrile MeSH Prohlížeč
- acetonitrily MeSH
- peptidy MeSH
- subtilisiny MeSH
- voda MeSH
The effectiveness of various insulating materials for limiting radon entry into houses has been investigated under laboratory conditions. Results for the radon diffusion coefficient measurements in more than 80 insulating materials are summarized. We have discovered that great differences exist in diffusion properties, because the diffusion coefficient varies within four orders from 10(-13) m2/s to 10(-10) m2/s. A methodological approach is proposed in order to identify the minimal thickness of radon-proof membranes, depending on building and soil characteristics. General guidelines for the selection of radon-proof insulation are presented.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
This manuscript investigates the chemical and structural stability of 3D printing materials (3DPMs) frequently used in electrochemistry. Four 3D printing materials were studied: Clear photopolymer, Elastic photopolymer, PET filament, and PLA filament. Their stability, solubility, structural changes, flexibility, hardness, and color changes were investigated after exposure to selected organic solvents and supporting electrolytes. Furthermore, the available potential windows and behavior of redox probes in selected supporting electrolytes were investigated before and after the exposure of the 3D-printed objects to the electrolytes at various working electrodes. Possible electrochemically active interferences with an origin from the 3DPMs were also monitored to provide a comprehensive outline for the use of 3DPMs in electrochemical platform manufacturing.
- Klíčová slova
- 3D printing materials, anodic stripping voltammetry, chemical stability, cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, electrochemistry, mechanical stability,
- MeSH
- 3D tisk * MeSH
- elektrochemie MeSH
- elektrody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The applicability of circulatory model approach for determining the kinetic parameters of endogenously produced substances has been demonstrated based on the assumption that the behaviour of newly produced molecules of a compound inside its production spaces is the same as that of the molecules returned due to recirculation of blood. While extraction and transmission parameters can be estimated by using tracer data, total mass cannot be determined without additional information. This information could be obtained from data of some suitable metabolite by using double tracer method. Circulatory model is especially suitable for studies of substances with a fast kinetics and renewal if blood (plasma) flow is measured independently.
- MeSH
- farmakokinetika MeSH
- krevní oběh * MeSH
- modely kardiovaskulární * MeSH
- radionuklidy MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- radionuklidy MeSH
