The aim of the study is to compare two different approaches to machine translation-statistical and neural-using automatic MT metrics of error rate and residuals. We examined four available online MT systems (statistical Google Translate, neural Google Translate, and two European commission's MT tools-statistical mt@ec and neural eTranslation) through their products (MT outputs). We propose using residual analysis to improve the accuracy of machine translation error rate. Residuals represent a new approach to comparing the quality of statistical and neural MT outputs. The study provides new insights into evaluating machine translation quality from English and German into Slovak through automatic error rate metrics. In the category of prediction and syntactic-semantic correlativeness, statistical MT showed a significantly higher error rate than neural MT. Conversely, in the category of lexical semantics, neural MT showed a significantly higher error rate than statistical MT. The results indicate that relying solely on the reference when determining MT quality is insufficient. However, when combined with residuals, it offers a more objective view of MT quality and facilitates the comparison of statistical MT and neural MT.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is a promising energy-efficient neural architecture when implemented on neuromorphic hardware. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to SNN conversion method, which is the most effective SNN training method, has successfully converted moderately deep ANNs to SNNs with satisfactory performance. However, this method requires a large number of time-steps, which hurts the energy efficiency of SNNs. How to effectively covert a very deep ANN (e.g., more than 100 layers) to an SNN with a small number of time-steps remains a difficult task. To tackle this challenge, this paper makes the first attempt to propose a novel error analysis framework that takes both the "quantization error" and the "deviation error" into account, which comes from the discretization of SNN dynamicsthe neuron's coding scheme and the inconstant input currents at intermediate layers, respectively. Particularly, our theories reveal that the "deviation error" depends on both the spike threshold and the input variance. Based on our theoretical analysis, we further propose the Threshold Tuning and Residual Block Restructuring (TTRBR) method that can convert very deep ANNs (>100 layers) to SNNs with negligible accuracy degradation while requiring only a small number of time-steps. With very deep networks, our TTRBR method achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on the CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and ImageNet classification tasks.

• Klíčová slova
• ANN-to-SNN conversion, Conversion error analysis, Spiking neural networks,
• MeSH
• neuronové sítě * MeSH
• počítače * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

In motor functional neurological disorders (mFND), relationships between interoception (a construct of high theoretical relevance to its pathophysiology) and neuroanatomy have not been previously investigated. This study characterized white matter in mFND patients compared to healthy controls (HCs), and investigated associations between fiber bundle integrity and cardiac interoception. Voxel-based analysis and tractography quantified fractional anisotropy (FA) in 38 mFND patients compared to 38 HCs. Secondary analyses compared functional seizures (FND-seiz; n = 21) or functional movement disorders (n = 17) to HCs. Network lesion mapping identified gray matter origins of implicated fiber bundles. Within-group mFND analyses investigated relationships between FA, heartbeat tracking accuracy and interoceptive trait prediction error (discrepancies between interoceptive accuracy and self-reported bodily awareness). Results were corrected for multiple comparisons, and all findings were adjusted for depression and trait anxiety. mFND and HCs did not show any between-group interoceptive accuracy or FA differences. However, the FND-seiz subgroup compared to HCs showed decreased integrity in right-lateralized tracts: extreme capsule/inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, and thalamic/striatum to occipital cortex projections. These alterations originated predominantly from the right temporoparietal junction and inferior temporal gyrus. In mFND patients, individual differences in interoceptive accuracy and interoceptive trait prediction error correlated with fiber bundle integrity originating from the insula, temporoparietal junction, putamen and thalamus among other regions. In this first study investigating brain-interoception relationships in mFND, individual differences in interoceptive accuracy and trait prediction error mapped onto multimodal integration-related fiber bundles. Right-lateralized limbic and associative tract disruptions distinguished FND-seiz from HCs.

• Klíčová slova
• DTI, conversion disorder, diffusion tensor imaging, dissociative seizures, functional movement disorder, interoception, psychogenic,
• MeSH
• bílá hmota * diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• biologická variabilita populace fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• interocepce fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mozková kůra MeSH
• pohybové poruchy * diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• psychologická anticipace fyziologie   MeSH
• šedá hmota * diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• srdeční frekvence fyziologie   MeSH
• zobrazování difuzních tenzorů * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

Since 2010 the LVR-15 reactor has been gradually converted from highly enriched fuel (36wt% (235)U) to low enriched fuel with the enrichment of 19.75wt% (235)U. Paper presents influence of the core pattern changes on the neutron characteristics of the epithermal beam. The determination of neutron spectrum free in the beam was done with a set of neutron activation monitors. After the reactor conversion the change in neutron spectrum is not provable as differences are in the range of measurement errors.

• Klíčová slova
• Activation monitors, BNCT, Epithermal neutron beam,
• MeSH
• analýza selhání vybavení MeSH
• atomové reaktory přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• design vybavení MeSH
• neutrony * MeSH
• radiometrie přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• terapie metodou neutronového záchytu (bor-10) přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• uran analýza   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• uran MeSH

INTRODUCTION: The process of fabricating physical medical skull models requires many steps, each of which is a potential source of geometric error. The aim of this study was to demonstrate inaccuracies and differences caused by DICOM to STL conversion in additively manufactured medical skull models. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three different institutes were requested to perform an automatic reconstruction from an identical DICOM data set of a patients undergoing tumour surgery into an STL file format using their software of preference. The acquired digitized STL data sets were assessed and compared and subsequently used to fabricate physical medical skull models. The three fabricated skull models were then scanned, and differences in the model geometries were assessed using established CAD inspection software methods. RESULTS: A large variation was noted in size and anatomical geometries of the three physical skull models fabricated from an identical (or "a single") DICOM data set. CONCLUSIONS: A medical skull model of the same individual can vary markedly depending on the DICOM to STL conversion software and the technical parameters used. Clinicians should be aware of this inaccuracy in certain applications.

• Klíčová slova
• Additive-manufacturing, Bio-modelling, CBCT, DICOM, STL,
• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• anatomické modely * MeSH
• design s pomocí počítače statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kefalometrie statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• lebka anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mandibula anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• nosní dutina anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• orbita anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• počítačová tomografie s kuželovým svazkem statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
• radiologické informační systémy statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• sinus maxillaris anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• software MeSH
• zobrazování trojrozměrné statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

BACKGROUND: Only three inherited metabolic defects have been identified in purine de novo synthesis (PDNS). We present here CE methods for diagnosing defects in the second half of PDNS (from sixth to tenth enzymatic conversion) based on analysis of aminoimidazole ribosides - dephosphorylated intermediates - in urine. METHODS: Assays were performed in an uncoated fused-silica capillary using two electrophoretic separation systems: 60 mmol/l borate - 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol-80 mmol/l sodium dodecylsulfate (pH 9.6) and 200 mmol/l phosphate - sodium (pH 1.8). RESULTS: The reported conditions allowed separation of all metabolites from major urinary constituents with analysis time less than 10 min and separation efficiency of 220 and 350 thousands theoretical plates per meter for borate and phosphate system, respectively. The intra- and interday imprecisions were less than 4.4% and 9.9% CV. Potential usefulness of the methods was demonstrated on samples from a patient with adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency and Chinese hamster ovary cell lines defective in PDNS. CONCLUSIONS: CE is a useful and effective tool in the analysis of aminoimidazole ribosides which enables diagnosis of known as well as not so far identified inherited defects of PDNS pathway.

• MeSH
• adenylsukcinátlyasa nedostatek   MeSH
• biosyntetické dráhy MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• CHO buňky MeSH
• Cricetulus MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární metody   MeSH
• imidazoly moč   MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• křečci praví MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• molekulární struktura MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• purinové nukleosidy biosyntéza   MeSH
• referenční hodnoty MeSH
• vrozené poruchy metabolismu aminokyselin diagnóza   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• křečci praví MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• 2-aminoimidazole MeSH Prohlížeč
• adenylsukcinátlyasa MeSH
• imidazoly MeSH
• purinové nukleosidy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Plaster casts of individual patients are important for orthodontic specialists during the treatment process and their analysis is still a standard diagnostical tool. But the growing capabilities of information technology enable their replacement by digital models obtained by complex scanning systems. METHOD: This paper presents the possibility of using a digital camera as a simple instrument to obtain the set of digital images for analysis and evaluation of the treatment using appropriate mathematical tools of image processing. The methods studied in this paper include the segmentation of overlapping dental bodies and the use of different illumination sources to increase the reliability of the separation process. The circular Hough transform, region growing with multiple seed points, and the convex hull detection method are applied to the segmentation of orthodontic plaster cast images to identify dental arch objects and their sizes. RESULTS: The proposed algorithm presents the methodology of improving the accuracy of segmentation of dental arch components using combined illumination sources. Dental arch parameters and distances between the canines and premolars for different segmentation methods were used as a measure to compare the results obtained. CONCLUSION: A new method of segmentation of overlapping dental arch components using digital records of illuminated plaster casts provides information with the precision required for orthodontic treatment. The distance between corresponding teeth was evaluated with a mean error of 1.38% and the Dice similarity coefficient of the evaluated dental bodies boundaries reached 0.9436 with a false positive rate [Formula: see text] and false negative rate [Formula: see text].

• MeSH
• algoritmy * MeSH
• analogově digitální konverze MeSH
• datové soubory jako téma MeSH
• elektronické zdravotní záznamy * MeSH
• fotografování metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osvětlení metody   MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu metody   MeSH
• poměr signál - šum MeSH
• ukládání a vyhledávání informací MeSH
• zubní oblouk anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• zubní odlitky - technika * MeSH
• zubní záznamy * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Adenylosuccinate lyase (ADSL) catalyzes two steps in purine nucleotide metabolism-the 8th step in the de novo pathway: conversion of succinylaminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide (SAICAR) to aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide (AICAR), and conversion of adenylosuccinate (S-AMP) to adenylate (AMP) in the purine nucleotide cycle. To date, over 50 patients have been reported suffering from ADSL deficiency. We report all seven so far diagnosed Polish patients with this defect. Most of our patients shared intractable seizures and psychomotor retardation since the neonatal period and had biochemical evidence of severe (type I) deficiency. Two patients with type II suffered only from mild/moderate psychomotor retardation and showed a transientvisual contact disturbance. One patient had a fatal neonatal form of ADSL deficiency with lack of spontaneous movement, respiratory failure, severe encephalopathy and intractable seizures. Analysis of the ADSL gene showed that four apparently unrelated patients carried a R426H mutation (two homozygous and two compound heterozygous). With the exception of the latter mutation, a Y114H mutation that had been reported previously, and a novel mutation T242I, all other mutations (including D268H and three novel S23R, D215H and I351T mutations) were found only in single families in single alleles. A search for this disorder should be included in the screening program of all infants with unexplained neonatal seizures, severe infantile epileptic encephalopathy, developmental delay, hypotonia, and/or autistic features.

• MeSH
• adenylsukcinátlyasa nedostatek   genetika   moč   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• exprese genu MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• missense mutace * MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mutační analýza DNA MeSH
• poruchy metabolismu purinů a pyrimidinů enzymologie   genetika   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Polsko MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adenylsukcinátlyasa MeSH

It has been widely reported that men have a lower ratio of the 2nd and 4th human finger lengths (2D : 4D). Size-scaling ratios, however, have the seldom-appreciated potential for providing biased estimates. Using an information-theoretic approach, we compared 12 candidate models, with different assumptions and error structures, for scaling untransformed 2D to 4D lengths from 154 men and 262 women. In each hand, the two-parameter power function and the straight line with intercept models, both with normal, homoscedastic error, were superior to the other models and essentially equivalent to each other for normalizing 2D to 4D lengths. The conventional 2D : 4D ratio biased relative 2D length low for the generally bigger hands of men, and vice versa for women, thereby leading to an artefactual indication that mean relative 2D length is lower in men than women. Conversely, use of the more appropriate allometric or linear regression models revealed that mean relative 2D length was, in fact, greater in men than women. We conclude that 2D does not vary in direct proportion to 4D for both men and women, rendering the use of the simple 2D : 4D ratio inappropriate for size-scaling purposes and intergroup comparisons.

• Klíčová slova
• 2D : 4D, Akaike information criterion, allometry, sexual dimorphism,
• MeSH
• antropometrie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• pohlavní dimorfismus * MeSH
• prsty ruky anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

A large-scale, double-stream gas puff target has been illuminated by sub-kJ, near-infrared (NIR) focused laser pulses at the PALS facility (Prague Asterix Laser System) to produce high-energy pulses of soft X rays from hot, dense plasma. The double-puff arrangement ensures high gas density and conversion efficiency from NIR to X rays approaching that typical for solid targets. In addition, its major advantage over solid targets is that it is free of debris and has substantially suppressed charged-particle emission. The X-ray emission characteristics of the source were determined for a range of gases that included krypton, xenon, N(2), CO and N(2)-CO. A demonstrated application of the xenon-based source is a single-shot damage induction to plasmid DNA. The yields of single-strand breaks (SSBs) and double-strand breaks (DSBs) were determined as a function of energy fluence adjusted by varying distance of sample from the source and thickness of aluminum filters.

• MeSH
• analýza selhání vybavení MeSH
• dávka záření MeSH
• design vybavení MeSH
• lasery * MeSH
• nanotechnologie přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• odběr biologického vzorku přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• plazmidy chemie   účinky záření   MeSH
• poškození DNA účinky záření   MeSH
• radiobiologie přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• rentgenové záření * MeSH
• výzkum přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• výzkumný projekt MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH