• Klíčová slova
• Czechoslovakia, Demography *, Developed Countries, Eastern Europe, Europe, Historical Demography, Social Sciences,
• MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• sociální vědy MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo MeSH
• Evropa MeSH
• východní Evropa MeSH

A general description of how quotients and rates are used in the study of demography is presented, together with a description of how they are calculated and derived. Consideration is also given to the relationships among them and to how the relevant data are selected. (summary in ENG, RUS)

• Klíčová slova
• Data Analysis *, Demographic Analysis *, Demography *, Research Methodology, Social Sciences, Statistics *,
• MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• sociální vědy MeSH
• statistika jako téma * MeSH
• výzkum MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

In human-altered landscapes, specialist butterflies typically form spatially restricted populations, genetically differentiated due to dispersal restrictions. Generalists, in contrast, display minimum differentiation but high genetic diversity. While local-level actions suffice to conserve specialists and landscape-level actions are necessary for generalists, minimum information exists regarding conservation of species with intermediate features. We targeted two congeneric butterflies, the recently re-expanding Argynnis adippe and the strongly declining A. niobe, co-occurring in the pastoral landscape of the Carpathian Mountains, Czech Republic. We integrated species distribution models, mark-recapture and microsatellite analysis to compare their habitat requirements, adult demography, dispersal and genetic patterns, and expanded the genetic analysis across the Carpathian Arc and beyond to delimit spatial conservation units. In two mountain valleys, both species formed interconnected populations numbering thousands of individuals. Mobility patterns suggested the populations' interconnection across the Czech Carpathians. Genetic diversity was extremely poor in the nonthreatened A. adippe and moderate in the declining A. niobe. No population differentiation was detected within the Czech Carpathians (~1500 km2 ). Low genetic diversity and no differentiation was preserved in A. adippe across East Central Europe, whereas in A. niobe, populations from Serbia were differentiated from the Carpathian Arc + Alps. The high adult mobility linked to low differentiation probably reflects the distribution of larval resources, historically widespread but sparse and currently declining for A. niobe (grazing-disturbed grounds), while currently increasing for A. adippe (abandonment scrub, disturbed woodlands). Units as large as entire mountain systems define population boundaries, and hence conservation management units, for both species.

• Klíčová slova
• Carpathians, European grasslands, Lepidoptera conservation, Nymphalidae, butterfly ecology, microsatellites, pastoral land use, population differentiation, traditional landscapes,
• MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• motýli * genetika   MeSH
• populační genetika MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

This article is concerned with the evolution of demographic studies in the USSR. Particular attention is paid to the main objectives of current Soviet demographic studies, to the main centers of study, and to the principal experts in the field. (summary in ENG, RUS)

• Klíčová slova
• Demography *, Developed Countries, Research Methodology *, Social Sciences, Ussr *,
• MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• sociální vědy MeSH
• vyspělé země MeSH
• výzkum * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• SSSR MeSH

Persian cats are a popular cat breed worldwide, and especially in the US, Europe and Asia. This study aimed to describe the demography, common disorders and mortality in Persians under general practice veterinary care in 2013 in the UK. The study population of 285,547 cats overall included 3235 (1.1%) Persians. Mean adult Persian bodyweight was 3.9 kg (SD 0.9) and median age was 7.0 years (IQR 3.3-11.6). At least one disorder was recorded in 2099 (64.9%) Persians. The most common specific disorders were haircoat disorders (411, 12.7%), periodontal disease (365, 11.3%), overgrown nails (234, 7.2%), and ocular discharge (188, 5.8%). The most common disorder groups were dermatological (578, 17.9%), ophthalmological (496, 15.3%) and dental (397, 12.3%). Median longevity was 13.5 years (IQR 9.9-16.0). The most common grouped causes of death were renal disease (102, 23.4%), neoplasia (37, 8.5%) and mass-associated disorder (35, 8.0%). This is the first study to use general practice data to examine the overall health of Persian cats. With haircoat, ocular and dental disorders being the predominant disorders identified, this study highlights the need for increased owner awareness to manage and prevent the typical health problems associated with this breed's phenotype.

• MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• dlouhověkost MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• kočky MeSH
• nemoci koček diagnóza   epidemiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• veterinární lékařství MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• kočky MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Spojené království epidemiologie   MeSH

Using a cohort analysis of migration and mortality as an example, the author argues for a refining of quotients and rates in demographic analysis. A new formula is presented for improving estimations of such phenomena in future populations. (SUMMARY IN CZE)

• Klíčová slova
• Cohort Analysis *, Demographic Analysis *, Demographic Factors, Estimation Technics *, Methodological Studies *, Migration *, Mortality *, Population, Population Dynamics, Research Methodology, World *,
• MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• emigrace a imigrace * MeSH
• kohortové studie * MeSH
• metody * MeSH
• mortalita * MeSH
• populace MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• statistika jako téma * MeSH
• výzkum MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Wildlife conservation policies directed at common and widespread, but declining, species are difficult to design and implement effectively, as multiple environmental changes are likely to contribute to population declines. Conservation actions ultimately aim to influence demographic rates, but targeting actions towards feasible improvements in these is challenging in widespread species with ranges that encompass a wide range of environmental conditions. Across Europe, sharp declines in the abundance of migratory landbirds have driven international calls for action, but actions that could feasibly contribute to population recovery have yet to be identified. Targeted actions to improve conditions on poor-quality sites could be an effective approach, but only if local conditions consistently influence local demography and hence population trends. Using long-term measures of abundance and demography of breeding birds at survey sites across Europe, we show that co-occurring species with differing migration behaviours have similar directions of local population trends and magnitudes of productivity, but not survival rates. Targeted actions to boost local productivity within Europe, alongside large-scale (non-targeted) environmental protection across non-breeding ranges, could therefore help address the urgent need to halt migrant landbird declines. Such demographic routes to recovery are likely to be increasingly needed to address global wildlife declines.

• Klíčová slova
• conservation, demography, migration, population trends, productivity,
• MeSH
• migrace zvířat * MeSH
• populační dynamika MeSH
• ptáci * MeSH
• zachování přírodních zdrojů MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH

Understanding similarities and differences in population dynamics of closely related species is a key prerequisite in attempts to apply knowledge obtained in one species to another species, e.g., for the purpose of predicting future fate of populations of various rare species. It can be expected that species will have similar population dynamics if they are closely related and share similar habitats. Contrasting population sizes and distribution patterns may, however, indicate that the population dynamics will be different. To understand similarities and differences in population dynamics of closely related species, I studied demography of two congeneric endangered species, Linum flavum and L. tenuifolium co-occurring in dry grasslands. Linum flavum occurs with a lower number of large populations, while L. tenuifolium occurs as a large number of small populations. The results showed that L. flavum had higher population growth rates, relied more on survival and growth and its populations were more persistent. In contrast, populations of L. tenuifolium were more prone to extinction and frequent recolonisation was necessary for their survival in the landscape. This was in accordance with observed population sizes of the two species and their frequency in the landscape. The results indicate that despite being closely related and occurring in the same habitat types, the two Linum species have different growth strategies. The strong differences in population dynamics between the two species suggest that similarity in population sizes and frequency of the species in the landscape may be more important when attempting to transfer knowledge between species than is taxonomic relatedness.

• Klíčová slova
• Closely related species, flax, habitat occupancy, life-table response, population size, seed mass, sexual reproduction, terminal velocity,
• MeSH
• biomasa MeSH
• demografie MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• klíčení MeSH
• květy růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• len růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• rozmnožování MeSH
• semena rostlinná růst a vývoj   fyziologie   MeSH
• stadia vývoje MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• VITAL STATISTICS *,
• MeSH
• biometrie * MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• statistika přirozeného pohybu * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Africa is the cradle of all human beings, and although it has been the focus of a number of genetic studies, there are many questions that remain unresolved. We have performed one of the largest and most comprehensive meta-analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages carried out in the African continent to date. We generated high-throughput mtDNA single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data (230 SNPs) from 2024 Africans, where more than 500 of them were additionally genotyped for the control region. These data were analyzed together with over 12,700 control region profiles collected from the literature, representing more than 300 population samples from Africa. Insights into the African homeland of humans are discussed. Phylogeographic patterns for the African continent are shown at a high phylogeographic resolution as well as at the population and regional levels. The deepest branch of the mtDNA tree, haplogroup L0, shows the highest sub-haplogroup diversity in Southeast and East Africa, suggesting this region as the homeland for modern humans. Several demographic estimates point to the coast as a facilitator of human migration in Africa, but the data indicate complex patterns, perhaps mirroring the effect of recent continental-scaled demographic events in re-shaping African mtDNA variability.

• Klíčová slova
• Haplogroup, Haplotype, MALDI-TOF, SNP, mtDNA,
• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• černoši genetika   MeSH
• demografie * MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• migrace lidstva MeSH
• mitochondriální DNA genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• mitochondriální DNA MeSH