Evaluation of investments in tourism (as a cross-section industry) is a complex issue that needs to be addressed systematically by using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. This article deals with the setting of an ex-post evaluation framework for the assessment of impact interventions on the tourism sector at all its levels, especially the local one. The design of an evaluation framework for the tourism sector supported by the recommended approaches and methods is the first result of this methodically focused paper. The proposal to adopt the Method for Impact Assessment of Programmes and Projects = MAPP method into the tourism sector on a local level, including indicators, measures, and outcomes would be considered as a second significant result. The proposed evaluation framework can be used by the representatives of public institutions and organizations to measure the impact of programmes financially supported from public sources on the tourism sector in an efficient way. In particular, municipalities´ government bodies can adopt the proposed approach towards sustainable planning and development in tourism.

• Klíčová slova
• Evaluation in tourism, Ex-post evaluation framework, MAPP Method, Social perspective of investment evaluation, Tourism at the local level,
• MeSH
• hodnocení programu MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• místní státní správa * MeSH
• průmysl MeSH
• turistika * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: A core evaluation framework that captures the health care and societal benefits of value added medicines (VAMs, also often called repurposed medicines) was proposed in Report 1, aiming to reduce the heterogeneity in value assessment processes across countries and to create incentives for manufacturers to invest into incremental innovation. However, this can be impactful only if the framework can be adapted to heterogeneous health care financing systems in different jurisdictions, and the cost of evidence generation necessitated by the framework takes into account the anticipated benefits for the health care system and rewards for the developers. AREAS COVERED: The framework could potentially improve the pricing and reimbursement decisions of VAMs by adapting it to different country specific decision-contexts such as deliberative processes, augmented cost-effectiveness frameworks or formal multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA); alternatively, some of its domains may be added to current general evaluation frameworks of medicines. The proposed evaluation framework may provide a starting point for practices based on which VAMs can be exempted from generic pricing mechanisms or can be integrated into the reimbursement and procurement system, allowing for price differentiation according to their added value. Besides evidence from RCTs, pricing and reimbursement decision processes of VAMs should allow for ex-ante non-RCT evidence for certain domains. Alternatively, relying on ex-post evidence agreements-such as outcome guarantee or coverage with evidence development-can also reduce decision uncertainty. CONCLUSIONS: The core evaluation framework for VAMs could trigger changes in the existing pricing, reimbursement and procurement practices by improving the appraisal of the added value created by incremental innovation.

• Klíčová slova
• Drug repurposing, Evidence, Generic reference pricing, Incremental innovation, Multi-criteria decision analysis, Value assessment framework, Value-added medicines,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The exploratory sandbox for blockchain services, Lithopy, provided an experimental alternative to the aspirational frameworks and guidelines regulating algorithmic services ex post or ex ante. To understand the possibilities and limits of this experimental approach, we compared the regulatory expectations in the sandbox with the real-life decisions about an "actual" intrusive service: contact tracing application. We gathered feedback on hypothetical and real intrusive services from a group of 59 participants before and during the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic (January, June 2020, and April 2021). Participants expressed support for interventions based on an independent rather than government oversight that increases participation and representation. Instead of reducing the regulations to code or insisting on strong regulations over the code, participants demanded hybrid combinations of code and regulations. We discuss this as a demand for "no algorithmization without representation." The intrusive services act as new algorithmic "territories," where the "data" settlers must redefine their sovereignty and agency on new grounds. They refuse to rely upon the existing institutions and promises of governance by design and seek tools that enable engagement in the full cycle of the design, implementation, and evaluation of the services. The sandboxes provide an environment that bridges the democratic deficit in the design of algorithmic services and their regulations.

• Klíčová slova
• Algogovernance, Contact tracing, Experimental governance, Exploratory sandbox,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH