Cancer remains one of the main causes of human mortality despite significant progress in its diagnostics and therapy achieved in the past decade. Massive hypomethylation of retrotransposons, in particular LINE-1, is considered a hallmark of most malignant transformations as it results in the reactivation of retroelements and subsequent genomic instability. Accumulating data on LINE-1 aberrant methylation in different tumor types indicates its significant role in cancer initiation and progression. However, direct evidence that LINE-1 activation can be used as a cancer biomarker is still limited. The objective of this review was to critically evaluate the published results regarding the diagnostic/prognostic potential of the LINE-1 methylation status in cancer. Our analysis indicates that LINE-1 hypomethylation is a promising candidate biomarker of cancer development, which, however, needs validation in both clinical and laboratory studies to confirm its applicability to different cancer types and/or stages. As LINE-1 is present in multiple cell-free copies in blood, it has advantages over single-copy genes regarding perspectives of using its methylation status as an epigenetic cancer biomarker for cell-free DNA liquid biopsy.

• Klíčová slova
• DNA methylation, LINE-1 (L1), cell-free DNA, epigenetic cancer biomarker,
• MeSH
• analýza přežití MeSH
• antitumorózní látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dlouhé rozptýlené jaderné elementy * MeSH
• epigeneze genetická MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metylace DNA MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery krev   genetika   MeSH
• nádory diagnóza   farmakoterapie   genetika   mortalita   MeSH
• nestabilita genomu MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• progrese nemoci MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u nádorů * MeSH
• signální transdukce MeSH
• tekutá biopsie MeSH
• transpozibilní elementy DNA * MeSH
• volné cirkulující nukleové kyseliny krev   genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antitumorózní látky MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery MeSH
• transpozibilní elementy DNA * MeSH
• volné cirkulující nukleové kyseliny MeSH

The presented review provides comprehensive and detailed characteristics on microcolumn separation techniques off-line coupled to mass spectrometry. Major attention is paid to the classification of junctions between the separation column and the deposition needle and to the process by which the liquid is transferred onto the target. Both contact and non-contact deposition techniques are covered. In order to emphasize the significance of the topic of off-line separations, current commercially available devices have been compared in terms of their potential utilization in analytical chemistry with a summarization of applications used over the past few years.

• MeSH
• design vybavení MeSH
• hmotnostní spektrometrie přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• on-line systémy přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The new on-line Czech Food Composition Database (FCDB) was launched on http://www.czfcdb.cz in December 2010 as a main freely available channel for dissemination of Czech food composition data. The application is based on a complied FCDB documented according to the EuroFIR standardised procedure for full value documentation and indexing of foods by the LanguaL™ Thesaurus. A content management system was implemented for administration of the website and performing data export (comma-separated values or EuroFIR XML transport package formats) by a compiler. Reference/s are provided for each published value with linking to available freely accessible on-line sources of data (e.g. full texts, EuroFIR Document Repository, on-line national FCDBs). LanguaL™ codes are displayed within each food record as searchable keywords of the database. A photo (or a photo gallery) is used as a visual descriptor of a food item. The application is searchable on foods, components, food groups, alphabet and a multi-field advanced search.

• MeSH
• analýza potravin * MeSH
• databáze faktografické * MeSH
• internet MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nutriční hodnota MeSH
• on-line systémy * MeSH
• potraviny klasifikace   MeSH
• software MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

In this work, an on-line SPE-HPLC method with spectrophotometric detection was developed for the determination of coumarins in complex samples. For the on-line cleanup of samples, a molecularly imprinted polymer was packed into the column cartridge and coupled directly with HPLC (MISPE-HPLC) using a column switching system. The separation of coumarins was performed on a C18 core-shell column (100×4.6mm, 5μm) with a mobile phase consisting of 0.3% acetic acid/acetonitrile with gradient elution at a flow-rate of 1mLmin-1. The total time of the whole analytical run, including the extraction step, was 13.25min. The on-line MISPE-HPLC method was optimized and validated. The results showed good linearity (0.10-100μgmL-1) with correlation coefficients higher than 0.99. The LOD values were from 0.03 to 0.15μgmL-1. The proposed method was successfully applied for analysis of real samples (Cassia cinnamon, chamomile tea, and Tokaj specialty wines) and obtained recoveries varied from 78.7% to 112.2% with an RSD less than 9%.

• Klíčová slova
• Chromatography, Column switching system, Coumarins, Molecularly imprinted polymers, On-line solid phase extraction,
• MeSH
• extrakce na pevné fázi * MeSH
• kumariny MeSH
• molekulový imprinting MeSH
• on-line systémy MeSH
• polymery MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kumariny MeSH
• polymery MeSH

The patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 3 (PNPLA3) gene (viz. its I148M variant) is one of the key players in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We have identified a novel insertion/deletion variant of 1114 bp, localized in the second intron of the PNPLA3 gene, which corresponds to the 3' terminal sequence of the long-interspersed element (LINE-1). DNA analysis of 122 NAFLD patients and 167 control subjects as well as RNA analysis of 19 liver biopsies revealed that the novel variant is very common (frequency = 0.41), fully linked to the clinically important I148M variant, and clinically silent. Although the LINE-1 insertion does not seem to have any biological effect, it can impede genotyping of the I148M variant. If insertion prevents the attachment of the diagnostic primer, then the non-insertion allele will be selectively amplified; and thus the frequency of the 148M "risk" allele will be significantly overestimated due to the complete linkage of the LINE-1 insertion and the 148I allele of the PNPLA3 gene. Therefore, our findings underline the importance of careful design and consistent documentation of the methodology, including primer sequences. Critical revisions of the results of some studies that have already been reported may therefore be needed.

• MeSH
• acyltransferasy genetika   MeSH
• alely MeSH
• dlouhé rozptýlené jaderné elementy genetika   MeSH
• fosfolipasy A2 nezávislé na vápníku genetika   MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci genetika   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• játra patologie   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nealkoholová steatóza jater genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acyltransferasy MeSH
• adiponutrin, human MeSH Prohlížeč
• fosfolipasy A2 nezávislé na vápníku MeSH

Since May 1993 to February 1995 we have used "DK-LINE" OPSIA in 137 patients in whom were 161 procedures on 141 eyes performed. It was used in 116 retinal detachments, 29 of them were posttraumatic. 28x in the eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 8x by injuries of the posterior segment of the eye, 5x in dislocated lenses and 3x by the removal of subretinal membranes. At the end of retinal detachment surgery was retina attached in 94.2%. Peroperatively we recorded subretinal migration of PFCL in 16 cases. 13x was removed peroperatively and 3x later by the reoperations. In three aphakic eyes we recorded postoperatively small bubble of PFCL at the bottom of the anterior chamber. From two of them was fully removed by paracenthesis and from the third by the reoperation. Only 1x we used an internal tamponade in duration of 5 day. We recorded serious sero-fibrinous exudation in the anterior chamber and in the vitreous cavity over the level of PFCL.

• MeSH
• fluorokarbony aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• oftalmologické chirurgické výkony * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• fluorokarbony MeSH
• perfluorodecalin MeSH Prohlížeč

The association between lateral-line canals and skull bones in fishes has been the subject of several studies and raised a series of controversies, particularly with regard to the hypothesized role of lateral-line organs (i.e. neuromasts) in osteogenesis and the consequences for hypotheses of homology of the bones associated with lateral-line canals. Polypteridae, a group of freshwater fishes that occupies a key phylogenetic position as the most basal extant lineage of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii), provides an interesting model for the study of the relationships between lateral-line canals and skull bones. We describe the development of bones associated with lateral-line canals in the Senegal Bichir, Polypterus senegalus, and use these data to re-address previous hypotheses of homology of skull bones of polypterids. We demonstrate that the lateral-line canals constitute a separate component of the dermatocranium that may interact with a membranodermal component, thereby forming compound bones in the adult. Differences in the interactions between these components determine the characteristics of the development of each independent bone in the skull of adult P. senegalus. Our results shed light on long-standing controversies about the identity of skull bones such as the rostral, preopercle, and sphenotic in Polypteridae, and suggest the presence of an ancestral two-component pattern of formation of bones associated with lateral-line canals in bony fishes. These findings reveal the need to re-address previous hypotheses of homology of bones associated with lateral-line canals in different groups of bony fishes, especially fossil taxa.

• Klíčová slova
• Calamoichthys, Erpetoichthys, development, laterosensory system, neuromast,
• MeSH
• lebka anatomie a histologie   embryologie   MeSH
• osteogeneze fyziologie   MeSH
• proudový orgán anatomie a histologie   embryologie   MeSH
• ryby anatomie a histologie   embryologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The review presents an evaluation of the development of on-line, at-line and in-line sample treatment coupled with capillary and microchip electrophoresis over the last 10 years. In the first part, it describes different types of flow-gating interfaces (FGI) such as cross-FGI, coaxial-FGI, sheet-flow-FGI, and air-assisted-FGI and their fabrication using molding into polydimethylsiloxane and commercially available fittings. The second part deals with the coupling of capillary and microchip electrophoresis with microdialysis, solid-phase, liquid-phase, and membrane based extraction techniques. It mainly focuses on modern techniques such as extraction across supported liquid membrane, electroextraction, single drop microextraction, head space microextraction, and microdialysis with high spatial and temporal resolution. Finally, the design of sequential electrophoretic analysers and fabrication of SPE microcartridges with monolithic and molecularly imprinted polymeric sorbents are discussed. Applications include the monitoring of metabolites, neurotransmitters, peptides and proteins in body fluids and tissues to study processes in living organisms, as well as the monitoring of nutrients, minerals and waste compounds in food, natural and wastewater.

• Klíčová slova
• Capillary electrophoresis, Electromembrane extraction, Flow-gating interface, Liquid-phase extraction, Microchip electrophoresis, Microdialysis, On-line coupling, Sequential analysis, Solid-phase extraction,
• MeSH
• elektroforéza kapilární metody   MeSH
• elektroforéza mikročipová * metody   MeSH
• mikrodialýza MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

We describe the molecular etiology of β(+)-thalassemia that is caused by the insertion of the full-length transposable element LINE-1 (L1) into the intron-2 of the β-globin gene (HBB). The transcript level of the affected β-globin gene was severely reduced. The remaining transcripts consisted of full-length, correctly processed β-globin mRNA and a minute amount of three aberrantly spliced transcripts with a decreased half-life due to activation of the nonsense-mediated decay pathway. The lower steady-state amount of mRNA produced by the β-globin(L1) allele also resulted from a reduced rate of transcription and decreased production of full-length β-globin primary transcripts. The promoter and enhancer sequences of the β-globin(L1) allele were hypermethylated; however, treatment with a demethylating agent did not restore the impaired transcription. A histone deacetylase inhibitor partially reactivated the β-globin(L1) transcription despite permanent β-globin(L1) promoter CpG methylation. This result indicates that the decreased rate of transcription from the β-globin(L1) allele is associated with an altered chromatin structure. Therefore, the molecular defect caused by intronic L1 insertion in the β-globin gene represents a novel etiology of β-thalassemia.

• Klíčová slova
• HBB, LINE-1, epigenetic repression, β-globin, β-thalassemia,
• MeSH
• alely MeSH
• alternativní sestřih MeSH
• beta-globiny genetika   MeSH
• beta-talasemie genetika   MeSH
• CpG ostrůvky MeSH
• dlouhé rozptýlené jaderné elementy * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• genetická transkripce MeSH
• introny * MeSH
• inzerční mutageneze * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metylace DNA MeSH
• pořadí genů MeSH
• promotorové oblasti (genetika) MeSH
• regulace genové exprese MeSH
• stabilita RNA MeSH
• umlčování genů MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• kazuistiky MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• beta-globiny MeSH

A new HPLC column-switching method using large volume sample injection and fused-core columns for on-line solid phase extraction have been developed for the determination of the following carbamates and pyrethroids: aldicarb, carbaryl, pirimicarb, carbofuran, kadethrin, flumethrin, fenpropathrin, fenoxycarb, tau-fluvalinate and fenvalerate, in surface water samples. Sudan I was used as internal standard. The proposed method was performed using 100 µl sample injection followed by an on-line solid phase extraction procedure and finally the compounds were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. The separation was carried out on C-18 reversed phase column based on fused-core particle technology. The influence of the injected sample volume, the variables affecting to SPE process and the conditions for the separation on an analytical column, were studied and optimized. The limits of detection ranged from 5.5 to 8.9 µg L(-1), and limits of quantification from 18.4 to 29.7 µg L(-1), while inter- and intra-day variability was under 15%. This new analytical procedure was satisfactorily applied for the determination of these organic pollutants in surface water samples located in Czech Republic. Concentration levels were found for some of these pollutants up to 26.11 µg L(-1) in the river Elbe and up to 34.53 µg L(-1) in the closed lakes samples.

• Klíčová slova
• Carbamates, Chromatography, Large volume sample injection, On-line solid phase extraction (on-line SPE), Pyrethroids, Surface water,
• MeSH
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza   MeSH
• chromatografie kapalinová MeSH
• extrakce na pevné fázi metody   MeSH
• insekticidy analýza   MeSH
• jezera MeSH
• karbamáty analýza   MeSH
• monitorování životního prostředí metody   MeSH
• on-line systémy MeSH
• organické látky analýza   MeSH
• pyrethriny analýza   MeSH
• řeky MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• spektrofotometrie ultrafialová MeSH
• voda chemie   MeSH
• vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• chemické látky znečišťující vodu MeSH
• insekticidy MeSH
• karbamáty MeSH
• organické látky MeSH
• pyrethriny MeSH
• voda MeSH