The retrosplenial cortex (RSC) is a mesocortical region broadly involved with memory and navigation. It shares many characteristics with the perirhinal cortex (PRC), both of which appear to be significantly involved in the spreading of epileptic activity. We hypothesized that RSC possesses an interneuronal composition similar to that of PRC. To prove the hypothesis we studied the general pattern of calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactivity in the RSC of the rat brain, its optical density as well as the morphological features and density of CR- and PV-immunoreactive (CR+ and PV+) interneurons. We also analyzed the overall neuronal density on Nissl-stained sections in RSC. Finally, we compared our results with our earlier analysis of PRC (Barinka et al., 2012). Compared to PRC, RSC was observed to have a higher intensity of PV staining and lower intensity of CR staining of neuropil. Vertically-oriented bipolar neurons were the most common morphological type among CR+ neurons. The staining pattern did not allow for a similarly detailed analysis of somatodendritic morphology of PV+ neurons. RSC possessed lower absolute (i.e., neurons/mm(3)) and relative (i.e., percentage of the overall neuronal population) densities of CR+ neurons and similar absolute and lower relative densities of PV+ neurons relative to PRC. CR: PV neuronal ratio in RSC (1:2 in area 29 and 1:2.2 in area 30) differed from PRC (1:1.2 in area 35 and 1:1.7 in area 36). In conclusion, RSC, although similar in many aspects to PRC, differs strikingly in the interneuronal composition relative to PRC.

• Klíčová slova
• Calcium-binding proteins, Calretinin, Interneurons, Parvalbumin, Perirhinal cortex, Retrosplenial cortex,
• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• denzitometrie MeSH
• interneurony metabolismus   MeSH
• kalbindin 2 metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mozková kůra cytologie   MeSH
• parvalbuminy metabolismus   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kalbindin 2 MeSH
• parvalbuminy MeSH

Experiments were performed with rat adrenals and brain cortex prisms incubated in vitro in order to clarify whether it is possible to increase their acetylcholine (ACh) content by adding a high concentration of choline to the medium and whether the additional ACh formed can be released by subsequent depolarization. After 60 min incubation with 0.5 mmol/l choline, the concentration of ACh in the adrenals was increased by 116% (compared to the incubation without added choline), while in cortical prisms the observed increase (by 37%) was statistically non-significant. The content of ACh in both tissues was raised by paraoxon during incubations without added choline, but paraoxon did not augment the increased concentration of ACh in tissues incubated with added 0.5 mmol/l choline. The ACh that accumulated in the adrenals during 60 min preincubations with added choline could be released during subsequent depolarizing incubations; the release was Ca2+ independent. In contrast to brain cortex prisms and to the adrenals preincubated without choline, no resynthesis of ACh occurred during the period of depolarization in the adrenals preincubated with 0.5 mmol/l choline. Large amounts of choline accumulated in both tissues during incubations with 0.5 mmol/l choline and the accumulated choline could be released by depolarization; the release of choline from the adrenals was Ca2+ independent. Free choline was produced in the adrenals (presumably from choline esters) during the periods of depolarization. The reason for differences between the effects of increased concentrations of choline on ACh in the adrenals and in brain cortex is not known.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

• MeSH
• acetylcholin metabolismus   MeSH
• cholin metabolismus   MeSH
• draslík farmakologie   MeSH
• inbrední kmeny potkanů MeSH
• kinetika MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mozková kůra účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• nadledviny účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• paraoxon farmakologie   MeSH
• techniky in vitro MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetylcholin MeSH
• cholin MeSH
• draslík MeSH
• paraoxon MeSH

Protracted opioid withdrawal is considered to be a traumatic event with many adverse effects. However, little attention is paid to its consequences on the protein expression in the rat brain. A better understanding of the changes at the molecular level is essential for designing future innovative drug therapies. Our previous proteomic data indicated that long-term morphine withdrawal is associated with altered proteins functionally involved in energy metabolism, cytoskeletal changes, oxidative stress, apoptosis, or signal transduction. In this study, we selected peroxiredoxin II (PRX II) as a marker of oxidative stress, 14-3-3 proteins as adaptors, and creatine kinase-B (CK-B) as a marker of energy metabolism to detect their amounts in the brain cortex and hippocampus isolated from rats after 3-month (3 MW) and 6-month morphine withdrawal (6 MW). Methodically, our work was based on immunoblotting accompanied by 2D resolution of PRX II and 14-3-3 proteins. Our results demonstrate significant upregulation of PRX II in the rat brain cortex (3-fold) and hippocampus (1.3-fold) after 3-month morphine abstinence, which returned to the baseline six months since the drug was withdrawn. Interestingly, the level of 14-3-3 proteins was downregulated in both brain areas in 3 MW samples and remained decreased only in the brain cortex of 6 MW. Our findings suggest that the rat brain cortex and hippocampus exhibit the oxidative stress-induced vulnerability represented by compensatory upregulation of PRX II after three months of morphine withdrawal.

• Klíčová slova
• 14-3-3 proteins, Oxidative stress, Peroxiredoxin II, Protracted morphine withdrawal, Rat brain cortex, Rat hippocampus,
• MeSH
• abstinenční syndrom * metabolismus   MeSH
• hipokampus metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• morfin metabolismus   MeSH
• mozek metabolismus   MeSH
• peroxiredoxiny metabolismus   farmakologie   MeSH
• proteiny 14-3-3 metabolismus   MeSH
• proteomika MeSH
• upregulace MeSH
• závislost na morfiu * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• morfin MeSH
• peroxiredoxiny MeSH
• proteiny 14-3-3 MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• AGING *, BRAIN STEM/metabolism *, CEREBRAL CORTEX/metabolism *, FASTING/experimental *,
• MeSH
• hladovění * MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• kyslík * MeSH
• mozková kůra metabolismus   MeSH
• mozkový kmen metabolismus   MeSH
• omezení příjmu potravy * MeSH
• stárnutí * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• kyslík * MeSH

The recently introduced orientation selective deep brain stimulation (OS-DBS) technique freely controls the direction of the electric field's spatial gradient by using multiple contacts with independent current sources within a multielectrode array. The goal of OS-DBS is to align the electrical field along the axonal track of interest passing through the stimulation site. Here we utilized OS-DBS with a planar 3-channel electrode for stimulating the rat entorhinal cortex (EC) and medial septal nucleus (MSN), two promising areas for DBS treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The brain responses to OS-DBS were monitored by whole brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 9.4 T with Multi-Band Sweep Imaging with Fourier Transformation (MB-SWIFT). Varying the in-plane OS-DBS stimulation angle in the EC resulted in activity modulation of multiple downstream brain areas involved in memory and cognition. Contrary to that, no angle dependence of brain activations was observed when stimulating the MSN, consistent with predictions based on the electrode configuration and on the main axonal directions of the targets derived from diffusion MRI tractography and histology. We conclude that tuning the OS-DBS stimulation angle modulates the activation of brain areas relevant to Alzheimer's disease, thus holding great promise in the DBS treatment of the disease.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * diagnostické zobrazování   terapie   MeSH
• cortex entorhinalis diagnostické zobrazování   fyziologie   MeSH
• hluboká mozková stimulace * metody   MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• mozek MeSH
• septální jádra * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

The number and affinity of GABA(B) receptors (assayed by the specific antagonist [(3)H]CGP54626A) was unchanged when compared in carefully washed cerebrocortical membranes from young (12-day-old) and adult (90-day-old) rats. In contrast, high-affinity GTPase activity, both basal and baclofen-stimulated was significantly higher (by 45% and 56%, respectively) in adult than in young rats. Similar results were obtained by concomitant determination of agonist (baclofen)-stimulated GTP gamma S binding. Under standard conditions, baclofen-stimulated GTPase activity was further considerably enhanced by exogenously added regulator of G protein function, RGS1, but not by RGS16. RGS16 was able to affect agonist-stimulated GTPase activity only in the presence of markedly increase substrate (GTP) concentrations. RGS1 alone slightly increased GTPase activity in adult rats, but neither RGS1 nor RGS16 influenced GTPase activity in membrane preparations isolated from young animals. These findings indicate increasing functional activity of trimeric G protein(s) involved in GABAergic transmission in the developing rat brain cortex and suggest a high potential of RGS1 in regulation of high-affinity GTPase activity.

• MeSH
• analýza rozptylu MeSH
• baklofen farmakologie   MeSH
• GABA agonisté farmakologie   MeSH
• GTP-fosfohydrolasy metabolismus   MeSH
• guanosin 5'-O-(3-thiotrifosfát) farmakologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• lékové interakce MeSH
• mozková kůra účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• organofosforové sloučeniny farmakokinetika   MeSH
• proteiny RGS farmakologie   MeSH
• proteiny vázající GTP fyziologie   MeSH
• proteiny farmakologie   MeSH
• radioligandová zkouška metody   MeSH
• stárnutí fyziologie   MeSH
• tritium farmakokinetika   MeSH
• vazba proteinů účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• baklofen MeSH
• CGP 54626 MeSH Prohlížeč
• GABA agonisté MeSH
• GTP-fosfohydrolasy MeSH
• guanosin 5'-O-(3-thiotrifosfát) MeSH
• organofosforové sloučeniny MeSH
• proteiny RGS MeSH
• proteiny vázající GTP MeSH
• proteiny MeSH
• Rgs1 protein, rat MeSH Prohlížeč
• RGS16 protein MeSH Prohlížeč
• tritium MeSH

Ontogenetic changes in the levels of GABA(B) receptors and their ability to modulate adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity were analyzed in rat cortex, thalamus and hippocampus. The relative numbers of GABA(B) receptors (measured as saturable, high-affinity [(3)H](-)baclofen binding sites) in cortex and thalamus were high already at postnatal day 1 (PD 1) and they reached a maximum at PD 25 and PD 12, respectively. There were no detectable high-affinity [(3)H](-)baclofen binding sites in hippocampus between birth and PD 12 and low-affinity [(3)H](-)baclofen binding attained at PD 12 did not change in adulthood (PD 90). Whereas GTP-stimulated AC activity in cortex and thalamus was depressed by baclofen, it was enhanced in hippocampus. These data indicate that the inhibitory effect of baclofen on AC in cortex and thalamus is primarily mediated through the alpha subunits of G(i)/G(o) proteins. The stimulatory effect of baclofen in hippocampus may be explained by engagement of Gbetagamma subunits.

• MeSH
• adenylátcyklasy metabolismus   MeSH
• baklofen farmakologie   MeSH
• hipokampus účinky léků   enzymologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mozek účinky léků   enzymologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• mozková kůra účinky léků   enzymologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• receptory GABA-B metabolismus   MeSH
• thalamus účinky léků   enzymologie   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• vývojová regulace genové exprese účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• adenylátcyklasy MeSH
• baklofen MeSH
• receptory GABA-B MeSH

Opioid addiction is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and taking behavior, which is thought to result from persistent neuroadaptations. However, there is a lack of information about the changes at both the cellular and molecular levels occurring after cessation of drug administration. The aim of our study was to determine alterations of both phosphoproteome and proteome in selected brain regions of the rats (brain cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebellum) 3 months after cessation of 10-day morphine treatment. Phosphoproteome profiling was performed by Pro-Q® Diamond staining. The gel-based proteomic approach accompanied by label-free quantification (MaxLFQ) was used for characterization of proteome changes. The phosphoproteomic analysis revealed the largest change in the hippocampus (14); only few altered proteins were detected in the forebrain cortex (5), striatum (4), and cerebellum (3). The change of total protein composition, determined by 2D electrophoresis followed by LFQ analysis, identified 22 proteins with significantly altered expression levels in the forebrain cortex, 19 proteins in the hippocampus, 12 in the striatum and 10 in the cerebellum. The majority of altered proteins were functionally related to energy metabolism and cytoskeleton reorganization. As the most important change we regard down-regulation of 14-3-3 proteins in rat cortex and hippocampus. Our findings indicate that i) different parts of the brain respond in a distinct manner to the protracted morphine withdrawal, ii) characterize changes of protein composition in these brain parts, and iii) enlarge the scope of evidence for adaptability and distinct neuroplasticity proceeding in the brain of drug-addicted organism.

• Klíčová slova
• 14-3-3 proteins, Label-free quantification, Long-term morphine withdrawal, Phosphoproteomic analysis, nLC-MS/MS,
• MeSH
• abstinenční syndrom genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• corpus striatum účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• fosforylace fyziologie   MeSH
• hipokampus účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• morfin škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• mozeček účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• mozková kůra účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním opiátů genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• proteomika metody   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• morfin MeSH

Preconditioning of the brain by short-term ischemia increases brain tolerance to the subsequent severer ischemia. In this study, we investigated iron deposition in the cerebral cortex and the ischemic tolerance in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. Forebrain ischemia was induced by four-vessel occlusion for 5 min as ischemic preconditioning. Two days after preconditioning or after the sham-operation, the second ischemia was induced for 20 min. Changes in the cerebral cortex were examined after 1 to 8 weeks of recirculation following 20 min ischemia with or without preconditioning using the iron histochemistry. Granular deposits of the iron were found in the cytoplasm of the pyramidal cells in the layers III and V of the frontal cortex after 1 week of recirculation. When the rats were exposed to 5 min ischemia 2 days before 20 min lasting ischemia, the deposition of iron in the cytoplasm of the pyramidal cells in layers III and V of the frontal cortex was significantly lower during all periods of reperfusion. Preconditioning 5 min ischemia followed by 2 days of reperfusion before 20 min ischemia also prevented degeneration of the pyramidal neurons in layers III and V of the frontal cortex.

• MeSH
• ischemie mozku metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mozek krevní zásobení   MeSH
• mozková kůra metabolismus   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• přivykání k ischémii * MeSH
• železo metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• železo MeSH

• MeSH
• amoniak analýza   metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mozek - chemie MeSH
• mozková kůra metabolismus   MeSH
• thiamin farmakologie   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• amoniak MeSH
• thiamin MeSH