Recent experience with the COVID-19 pandemic should be a lesson learnt with respect to the effort we have to invest in the development of new strategies for the treatment of viral diseases, along with their cheap, easy, sensitive, and selective detection. Since we live in a globalized world where just hours can play a crucial role in the spread of a virus, its detection must be as quick as possible. Thanks to their chemical stability, photostability, and superior biocompatibility, carbon dots are a kind of nanomaterial showing great potential in both the detection of various virus strains and a broad-spectrum antiviral therapy. The biosensing and antiviral properties of carbon dots can be tuned by the selection of synthesis precursors as well as by easy post-synthetic functionalization. In this review, we will first summarize current options of virus detection utilizing carbon dots by either electrochemical or optical biosensing approaches. Secondly, we will cover and share the up-to-date knowledge of carbon dots' antiviral properties, which showed promising activity against various types of viruses including SARS-CoV-2. The mechanisms of their antiviral actions will be further adressed as well. Finally, we will discuss the advantages and distadvantages of the use of carbon dots in the tangled battle against viral infections in order to provide valuable informations for further research and development of new virus biosensors and antiviral therapeutics.

• Klíčová slova
• Antiviral, Biosensors, COVID-19, Carbon dots, Coronavirus, Functionalization of carbon dots, Virus detection,
• MeSH
• antivirové látky farmakologie   MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky MeSH
• cílená molekulární terapie MeSH
• COVID-19 diagnóza   terapie   MeSH
• elektrochemie MeSH
• farmakoterapie COVID-19 * MeSH
• fototerapie MeSH
• kvantové tečky * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nanostruktury MeSH
• polymery MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• testování na COVID-19 metody   MeSH
• uhlík chemie   MeSH
• virové nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antivirové látky MeSH
• biokompatibilní materiály MeSH
• polymery MeSH
• uhlík MeSH

West Nile virus (WNV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family, genus Flavivirus. Its reservoir hosts are wild birds. Infection is transmitted to humans by infected mosquitoes of the genus Culex. In most cases, it is either asymptomatic or manifests itself as mild fever. Typically, WNV illnesshas a sudden onset with fever above 39 degrees C and accompanying symptoms such as chills, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, back ache, cough and sore throat. Gastrointestinal symptoms are frequently reported. Generalized lymphadenopathy and conjunctivitis may develop. In some patients the infection can progress to meningoencephalitis. Diagnosis is currently based on detection of IgM antibodies in blood and cerebrospinal fluid or direct detection of WNV RNA.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• virus západního Nilu izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• západonilská horečka * diagnóza   epidemiologie   přenos   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Rapid and sensitive detection is a key step in the effective and early response to the global hazard of various viral diseases. In this study, an integrated isolation of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific DNA fragment by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and its immediate analysis by microchip CGE was performed. Microfluidic CE chip was used to accommodate the complete process of viral DNA isolation by MNPs including hybridization and thermal denaturation followed by CE separation. Beforehand, calibration curves of HBV fragments were constructed. For isolation by MNPs, specific streptavidin-biotin interaction was used to bind complementary HBV fragment to magnetic particles. After analysis of isolated HBV by regular MNPs method, innovative approach was performed. The commercial CE chip (Bio-rad) was successfully used to execute HBV fragment isolation. Detection using LIF with detection limit of 1 ng/mL was accomplished.

• MeSH
• DNA virů izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• elektroforéza mikročipová přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• hepatitida B diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• magnetické nanočástice chemie   MeSH
• oligonukleotidy izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• virus hepatitidy B izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA virů MeSH
• magnetické nanočástice MeSH
• oligonukleotidy MeSH

The authors compared the results of influenza A (H1N1) and influenza A (H3N2) virus detection in nasopharyngeal swabs from flu patients by molecular hybridization (MH), ELISA, virus isolation and seroconversion. Using the immunofluorescence (IF) technique influenza virus was detected in cell suspensions from the first chick embryo passage. Altogether 63 swabs from various epidemic seasons were separated into 3 groups according to specimen sampling and storage. It was shown that influenza virus RNA could be found in 16 out of 22 swab specimens (72%) stored at -70 degrees C without thawing and that ELISA revealed the influenza virus antigen in 19 cases (86%); in contrast, IF was positive in 6 (27%) and virus isolation in 5 (22%) cases only. However, the positive rate of MH decreased to 9% in 21 swab specimens repeatedly thawed and stored at -20 degrees C and was completely negative after prolonged storage of repeatedly thawed samples. Despite these conditions, ELISA was still successful in both latter sample groups (71-80%). For specificity control, 29 samples coming from patients with influenza B virus and other respiratory virus diseases (adeno- and respiratory syncytial virus) were used.

• MeSH
• ELISA MeSH
• fluorescenční protilátková technika MeSH
• hodnotící studie jako téma MeSH
• hybridizace nukleových kyselin MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nazofarynx mikrobiologie   MeSH
• protilátky virové analýza   MeSH
• RNA virová izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• virus chřipky A klasifikace   izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• protilátky virové MeSH
• RNA virová MeSH

Our recent experience of the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of easy-to-use, quick, cheap, sensitive and selective detection of virus pathogens for the efficient monitoring and treatment of virus diseases. Early detection of viruses provides essential information about possible efficient and targeted treatments, prolongs the therapeutic window and hence reduces morbidity. Graphene is a lightweight, chemically stable and conductive material that can be successfully utilized for the detection of various virus strains. The sensitivity and selectivity of graphene can be enhanced by its functionalization or combination with other materials. Introducing suitable functional groups and/or counterparts in the hybrid structure enables tuning of the optical and electrical properties, which is particularly attractive for rapid and easy-to-use virus detection. In this review, we cover all the different types of graphene-based sensors available for virus detection, including, e.g., photoluminescence and colorimetric sensors, and surface plasmon resonance biosensors. Various strategies of electrochemical detection of viruses based on, e.g., DNA hybridization or antigen-antibody interactions, are also discussed. We summarize the current state-of-the-art applications of graphene-based systems for sensing a variety of viruses, e.g., SARS-CoV-2, influenza, dengue fever, hepatitis C virus, HIV, rotavirus and Zika virus. General principles, mechanisms of action, advantages and drawbacks are presented to provide useful information for the further development and construction of advanced virus biosensors. We highlight that the unique and tunable physicochemical properties of graphene-based nanomaterials make them ideal candidates for engineering and miniaturization of biosensors.

• Klíčová slova
• Biosensor, Graphene, Nanocomposite, SARS-CoV-2, Virus,
• MeSH
• Betacoronavirus genetika   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky * přístrojové vybavení   metody   trendy   MeSH
• COVID-19 MeSH
• design vybavení MeSH
• DNA virů analýza   genetika   MeSH
• elektrochemické techniky MeSH
• grafit * chemie   MeSH
• hybridizace nukleových kyselin MeSH
• klinické laboratorní techniky * přístrojové vybavení   metody   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• kolorimetrie MeSH
• koronavirové infekce diagnóza   epidemiologie   virologie   MeSH
• kvantové tečky chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• luminiscence MeSH
• nanostruktury chemie   MeSH
• pandemie MeSH
• povrchová plasmonová rezonance MeSH
• Ramanova spektroskopie MeSH
• reakce antigenu s protilátkou MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• testování na COVID-19 MeSH
• virologie metody   MeSH
• virová pneumonie diagnóza   epidemiologie   virologie   MeSH
• viry genetika   izolace a purifikace   patogenita   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA virů MeSH
• grafit * MeSH

An ultrasensitive impedimetric glycan-based biosensor for reliable and selective detection of inactivated, but intact influenza viruses H3N2 was developed. Such glycan-based approach has a distinct advantage over antibody-based detection of influenza viruses since glycans are natural viral receptors with a possibility to selectively distinguish between potentially pathogenic influenza subtypes by the glycan-based biosensors. Build-up of the biosensor was carefully optimized with atomic force microscopy applied for visualization of the biosensor surface after binding of viruses with the topology of an individual viral particle H3N2 analyzed. The glycan biosensor could detect a glycan binding lectin with a limit of detection (LOD) of 5 aM. The biosensor was finally applied for analysis of influenza viruses H3N2 with LOD of 13 viral particles in 1 μl, what is the lowest LOD for analysis of influenza viral particles by the glycan-based device achieved so far. The biosensor could detect H3N2 viruses selectively with a sensitivity ratio of 30 over influenza viruses H7N7. The impedimetric biosensor presented here is the most sensitive glycan-based device for detection of influenza viruses and among the most sensitive antibody or aptamer based biosensor devices.

• Klíčová slova
• Biosensors, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Glycans, Influenza virus, Lectins, SAMs,
• MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky metody   MeSH
• chřipka lidská diagnóza   virologie   MeSH
• impedanční spektroskopie metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• limita detekce MeSH
• polysacharidy chemie   MeSH
• virus chřipky A, podtyp H3N2 izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• virus chřipky A, podtyp H7N7 izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• hodnotící studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• polysacharidy MeSH

This paper describes the direct label-free detection of antibodies against the Epstein-Barr virus (anti-EBNA) using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor. The antibody detection was performed using the immunoreaction between anti-EBNA and a respective synthetic peptide (EBNA-1), which was conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA-EBNA) and immobilized on the sensor surface. Three immobilization chemistries for the attachment of BSA-EBNA were investigated to optimize ligand density and minimize loss of EBNA-1 immunoreactivity. The developed SPR biosensor functionalized with the optimal immobilization method was calibrated and characterized in terms of detection limit, reproducibility, regenerability and storability. It was demonstrated that the sensor is capable of detecting concentrations of anti-EBNA as low as 0.2 ng/ml (approximately 1 pM) both in buffer and 1% human serum and can be stored and regenerated for repeated use.

• MeSH
• analýza selhání vybavení MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• design vybavení MeSH
• imunoanalýza přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• protilátky analýza   imunologie   MeSH
• virus Epsteinův-Barrové - jaderné antigeny analýza   imunologie   MeSH
• virus Epsteinův-Barrové imunologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1 MeSH Prohlížeč
• protilátky MeSH
• virus Epsteinův-Barrové - jaderné antigeny MeSH

In this study, we report a new three-dimensional (3D), bead-based microfluidic chip developed for rapid, sensitive and specific detection of influenza hemagglutinin. The principle of microfluidic chip is based on implementation of two-step procedure that includes isolation based on paramagnetic beads and electrochemical detection. As a platform for isolation process, streptavidin-modified MPs, which were conjugated via biotinylated glycan (through streptavidin-biotin affinity) followed by linkage of hemagglutinin to glycan, were used. Vaccine hemagglutinin (HA vaxi) was labeled with CdS quantum dots (QDs) at first. Detection of the isolation product by voltammetry was the end point of the procedure. The suggested and developed method can be used also for detection of other specific substances that are important for control, diagnosis or therapy of infectious diseases.

• Klíčová slova
• 3D Printing, Influenza hemagglutinin, Microfluidic chip, Paramagnetic particles, Quantum dots, Voltammetry,
• MeSH
• Betainfluenzavirus izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• biosenzitivní techniky přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• design vybavení MeSH
• hemaglutininy virové izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• infekce viry z čeledi Orthomyxoviridae virologie   MeSH
• kvantové tečky chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrofluidní analytické techniky přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• Orthomyxoviridae izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• sloučeniny kadmia chemie   MeSH
• sloučeniny selenu chemie   MeSH
• vakcíny proti chřipce analýza   MeSH
• virus chřipky A, podtyp H1N1 izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• virus chřipky A, podtyp H3N2 izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• virus chřipky A izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• cadmium selenide MeSH Prohlížeč
• hemaglutininy virové MeSH
• sloučeniny kadmia MeSH
• sloučeniny selenu MeSH
• vakcíny proti chřipce MeSH

Monitoring infectious diseases is a crucial part of preventive veterinary medicine in zoological collections. This zoo environment contains a great variety of animal species that are in contact with wildlife species as a potential source of infectious diseases. Wild birds may be a source of West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu (USUV) virus, which are both emerging pathogens of rising concern. The aim of this study was to use zoo animals as sentinels for the early detection of WNV and USUV in Slovenia. In total, 501 sera from 261 animals of 84 animal species (including birds, rodents, lagomorphs, carnivores, ungulates, reptiles, equids, and primates) collected for 17 years (2002-2018) were tested for antibodies to WNV and USUV. Antibodies to WNV were detected by indirect immunofluorescence tests in 16 (6.1%) of 261 animals representing 10 species, which were sampled prior to the first active cases of WNV described in 2018 in Slovenia in humans, a horse, and a hooded crow (Corvus cornix). Antibodies to USUV were detected in 14 out of 261 animals tested (5.4%) that were positive prior to the first positive cases of USUV infection in common blackbirds (Turdus merula) in Slovenia. The study illustrates the value of zoological collections as a predictor of future emerging diseases.

• Klíčová slova
• Usutu virus epidemiology, West Nile virus, biosurveillance, infectious diseases, zoo environment,
• MeSH
• Flavivirus imunologie   MeSH
• infekce viry z rodu Flavivirus krev   diagnóza   epidemiologie   imunologie   MeSH
• neutralizující protilátky krev   MeSH
• protilátky virové krev   MeSH
• virus západního Nilu imunologie   MeSH
• západonilská horečka krev   diagnóza   epidemiologie   imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata v ZOO klasifikace   virologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovinsko epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• neutralizující protilátky MeSH
• protilátky virové MeSH

In the field surveys of the occurrence of enzootic bovine leucosis caused by the bovine leucosis virus (BLV), the identification of positive animals is based on the detection of specific antiviral antibodies by serological methods. The reliability of these tests (particularly their sensitivity and specificity) depends on the quality of the virus antigen. The preparation of the antigen is based on the cultivation of BLV virus in cultures of the FLS cell line. A modified procedure of preparing the BLV antigen in the FLS cell culture is described, along with the control of its production by the immunoperoxidase test.

• MeSH
• antigeny virové analýza   MeSH
• buněčné linie MeSH
• imunoenzymatické techniky MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• metody MeSH
• ovce MeSH
• Retroviridae růst a vývoj   MeSH
• virus bovinní leukemie růst a vývoj   imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• antigeny virové MeSH