• MeSH
• alkoholismus farmakoterapie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lithium terapeutické užití   MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• lithium MeSH

OBJECTIVES: This systematic review seeks to present and compare data from studies evaluating the success of medium-term inpatient treatment of alcohol-dependent patients in the Czech Republic. Another aim was to identify the problems that make such comparisons difficult. No previous review comparing the efficiency of various therapeutic programmes has been published in the Czech Republic. METHODS: Bibliographia medica Čechoslovaca and PubMed were used to find studies published in professional medical journals since 1970 evaluating the abstinence of patients who voluntarily completed medium-term inpatient treatment of alcohol dependence. RESULTS: Medium-term inpatient treatment of alcohol addiction leads to one year of abstinence in 34% to 76% of patients. Such variance in value is largely caused by selection bias, differences in the definition of abstinence, and differences in data collection methods. CONCLUSION: The comparison of studies presented many challenges. Further steps should be taken to help compare treatment programmes in the future, as the programmes provide different therapeutic interventions of different intensities and lengths to different patients. Adequate demographic and other pretreatment characteristics data collection, detailed descriptions of therapeutic interventions, and identification of effective components of the therapeutic programme could support further research in this area, optimize existing programmes, and increase the overall treatment efficiency.

• Klíčová slova
• addiction treatment effectiveness, alcohol dependence, alcoholism, inpatient addiction treatment, treatment of alcohol addiction,
• MeSH
• alkoholismus * MeSH
• ethanol MeSH
• hospitalizace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pacienti hospitalizovaní MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ethanol MeSH

BACKGROUND: Since the duration and the dose of alcohol administration are acknowledged as factors that influence the risk of liver injury, it was interesting to compare the character and degree of liver damage following various doses and methods of alcohol administration. In addition, it was assumed to compare the degree of liver damage histologically and on the activity of marker liver enzymes in blood plasma in the same animals. METHODS AND RESULTS: The several experiments on heterogeneous stock rats with the various daily dose, duration and method of alcohol administration have been carried out. It was found, that the 9-month intake of 15.20% (v/v) ethanol solution as the only source of drinking (the consumption of absolute alcohol was about 4 g/kg/day) did not affect the normal development of animals and did not induce any harmful morphological changes in liver. Moreover, the liver parenchyma looks even better in the context of lesser inflammatory infiltration and vacuolisation of hypatocytes. The activities of the marker liver injury enzymes: alanine and aspartate amino transferases (ALT and AST), alkaline phosphatase (AP) as well as alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in blood were also not changed. The intragastric administration 25% (v/v) ethanol (3.5 g/kg twice a day, during 14 days) induced some morphological disturbances in the liver: an extension of blood capillaries and veins in parenchyma and insignificant increasing of the hepatocyte vacuolisation degree (from 0.7 +/- 0.1 points in control to 1.2 +/- 0.2 points in alcohol treated animals). In blood serum, a slight elevation of ADH (from 1.2 +/- 0.2 microM/min/l in control to 1.7 +/- 0.3) and AP (from 236 +/- 19 microM/min/l in control to 278 +/- 25) activities were found. The liquid alcohol diets (mean consumption of absolute alcohol was 14-18 g/kg/day, during a month) induced the more pronounced liver injury: extension of the liver blood vessels, inflammatory infiltration (from 1.1 +/- 0.1 points in control to 2.0 +/- 0.3; P, 0.05) and destruction of hepatocytes (from 0.5 +/- 0.01 points in control to 1.2 +/- 0.1; p < 0.05). Another liquid alcohol diet (mean consumption of absolute alcohol was 20-24 g/kg/day, during a month) induced the expressive hepatocyte vacuolisation (from 0.5 +/- 0.1 points in control to 1.5 +/- 0.2; p < 0.05). In both the experiments, the weaker staining of hepatocyte cytoplasms, basophilia in particular, were found. The activity of blood plasma ADH was insignificantly increased by 47% and 134% and that of AP--by 15% and 38%. The activity of ALT insignificantly increased in the third experiment only and AST remained unchanged. Some correlations among the morphological and biochemical indexes were found in the above experiments: between the degree of hepatocytes vacuolisation and the blood ADH or AP activities (r = 0.62; p < 0.01 and r = 0.54; p < 0.05), accordingly. The oxyphilia intensity correlated with the AST activity (r = 0.64; p < 0.01) and the intensity of hepatocyte basophilia with the ADH activity (r = 0.67; p < 0.01). The negative correlation was also found between the degree of extension of liver blood vessels and the activity of AST (r = -0.57; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained confirm the earlier observations concerning the dependence of the degree of liver injury on the dose and manner of alcohol administration as well as great individuality in the liver response to alcohol in heterogeneous stock rats. There are the significant correlations between the some morphological and biochemical markers of alcohol liver injury; among the biochemical markers studied, the ADH activity was the most sensitive.

• MeSH
• ethanol aplikace a dávkování   toxicita   MeSH
• játra účinky léků   enzymologie   patologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ethanol MeSH

The dose-dependent effects of alcohol, where the initial euphoric and stimulant effects initiated by the exposure to low ethanol levels can quickly lead to a deadly consequence are well established. Thus, high blood alcohol concentration (BAC), as seen in alcoholics, can cause significant damage to various organs. At low concentrations (e.g., 10 mg% or lower), however, beneficial effects of alcohol, particularly on cardiovascular function have been reported. Although, the latter assertion has been challenged by recent epidemiological studies, protective effects of low alcohol concentrations in vitro and in vivo relevant to the central nervous system (CNS) is well documented. In this review, the mechanism(s) leading to the detrimental effects of high BAC, as well as the beneficial effects of low BAC will be discussed. In addition, gender consideration is touched upon. Although further investigation is clearly warranted, it may be concluded that at least some of the beneficial outcomes of low BAC, including possible neuroprotection and antidepressant-like effects, may be due to elevation of the neurotropic factors and reduction of inflammatory mediators, whereas detrimental outcomes associated with high BAC, including neurotoxicity and depressive-like behavior may be due to reduction in neurotropic factors and elevation of inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, new research strategies are suggested.

• Klíčová slova
• Inflammatory mediators, Major depressive disorder, Neuroprotection, Neurotoxicity, Neurotrophic factors, Sex differences,
• MeSH
• ethanol terapeutické užití   toxicita   MeSH
• látky tlumící činnost CNS terapeutické užití   toxicita   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuroprotekce účinky léků   MeSH
• obsah alkoholu v krvi MeSH
• pití alkoholu epidemiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ethanol MeSH
• látky tlumící činnost CNS MeSH
• obsah alkoholu v krvi MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Adolescence drinking and subsequent development of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a worldwide health concern. In particular, mood dysregulation or early alcohol exposure can be the cause of heavy drinking in some individuals or a consequence of heavy drinking in others. METHODS: This study investigated the effects of voluntary alcohol intake during adolescence, i.e. continuous 10% alcohol access between postnatal days (PND) 29 to 43 and olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) model of depression (performed on PND 59) on alcohol drinking in Wistar rats during adulthood (PND 80-120, intermittent 20% alcohol access). In addition, the effect of NBQX, an AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist (5 mg/kg, IP) on spontaneous alcohol consumption was examined. RESULTS: Rats exposed to 10% alcohol during adolescence exhibited a lower 20% alcohol intake in the intermittent paradigm during adulthood, while the OBX-induced phenotype did not exert a significant effect on the drinking behaviour. NBQX exerted a transient reduction on alcohol intake in the OBX rats. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that exposure to alcohol during adolescence can affect alcohol drinking in adulthood and that further exploration of AMPA and/or kainate receptor antagonists in co-morbid alcoholism-depression is warranted.

• Klíčová slova
• AMPA/kainate receptor, Alcohol use disorder, NBQX, depression, olfactory bulbectomy, rats,
• MeSH
• alkoholismus * MeSH
• deprese * MeSH
• ethanol farmakologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• pití alkoholu MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Názvy látek
• ethanol MeSH

BACKGROUND: Alcohol dependence during withdrawal and also in abstinent period in many cases is related to reduced inhibitory functions and kindling that may appear in the form of psychosensory symptoms similar to temporal lobe epilepsy frequently in conditions of normal EEG and without seizures. Because temporal lobe epileptic activity tend to spread between hemispheres, it is possible to suppose that measures reflecting interhemispheric information transfer such as electrodermal activity (EDA) might be related to the psychosensory symptoms. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We have performed measurement of bilateral EDA, psychosensory symptoms (LSCL-33) and alcohol craving (ACQ) in 34 alcohol dependent patients and 32 healthy controls. The results in alcohol dependent patients show that during rest conditions the psychosensory symptoms (LSCL-33) are related to EDA transinformation (PTI) between left and right EDA records (Spearman r = 0.44, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The result may present potentially useful clinical finding suggesting a possibility to indirectly assess epileptiform changes in alcohol dependent patients.

• MeSH
• alkoholismus komplikace   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epilepsie komplikace   diagnóza   MeSH
• galvanická kožní odpověď MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Alcohol has been implicated in the high mortality in Central and Eastern Europe but the magnitude of its effect, and whether it is due to regular high intake or episodic binge drinking remain unclear. The aim of this paper was to estimate the contribution of alcohol to mortality in four Central and Eastern European countries. We used data from the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors in Eastern Europe is a prospective multi-centre cohort study in Novosibirsk (Russia), Krakow (Poland), Kaunas (Lithuania) and six Czech towns. Random population samples of 34,304 men and women aged 45-69 years in 2002-2005 were followed up for a median 7 years. Drinking volume, frequency and pattern were estimated from the graduated frequency questionnaire. Deaths were ascertained using mortality registers. In 230,246 person-years of follow-up, 2895 participants died from all causes, 1222 from cardiovascular diseases (CVD), 672 from coronary heart disease (CHD) and 489 from pre-defined alcohol-related causes (ARD). In fully-adjusted models, abstainers had 30-50% increased mortality risk compared to light-to-moderate drinkers. Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) in men drinking on average ≥60 g of ethanol/day (3% of men) were 1.23 (95% CI 0.95-1.59) for all-cause, 1.38 (0.95-2.02) for CVD, 1.64 (1.02-2.64) for CHD and 2.03 (1.28-3.23) for ARD mortality. Corresponding HRs in women drinking on average ≥20 g/day (2% of women) were 1.92 (1.25-2.93), 1.74 (0.76-3.99), 1.39 (0.34-5.76) and 3.00 (1.26-7.10). Binge drinking increased ARD mortality in men only. Mortality was associated with high average alcohol intake but not binge drinking, except for ARD in men.

• Klíčová slova
• Alcohol, Cardiovascular diseases, Eastern Europe, Mortality,
• MeSH
• alkoholismus komplikace   mortalita   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnocení rizik MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci etiologie   mortalita   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nárazové pití alkoholu komplikace   mortalita   MeSH
• otrava alkoholem komplikace   mortalita   MeSH
• pití alkoholu škodlivé účinky   mortalita   MeSH
• příčina smrti * MeSH
• proporcionální rizikové modely MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• východní Evropa epidemiologie   MeSH

Alcohol-affected road users - pedestrians or drivers are a significant risk factor for road accidents and injuries. Therefore, the issue of alcohol-related traffic accidents is logically a subject of great attention. However, the statistics results of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Slovak Republic and of the Police Force of the Slovak Republic clearly confirm the fact that in the Slovak Republic the above-mentioned problem of the whole society is not sufficiently eliminated. The legislation implemented since 2011 should therefore lead to more substantial and effective prevention in this area. From the point of view of the current knowledge from the Forensic Medicine Department, the current legislative regulation of the Slovak Republic is still insufficient and will require some changes. It can be assumed that the issue of controlling the influence of alcohol on road users will be a subject of harmonization throughout the European area. The aim of this thesis is to analyse individual aspects of the present state and their epicritical evaluation. Keywords: alcohol - driver - prevention - forensic medicine - legislation.

• MeSH
• alkoholismus * MeSH
• chodci MeSH
• dopravní nehody * zákonodárství a právo   MeSH
• etika * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pití alkoholu * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Slovenská republika MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Many children and adolescents get their first experience with alcohol in a family setting. Evidence suggests that parental supply of alcohol is a risk factor for drinking later in life. However, most of the previous studies have been conducted in Western countries. The Czech Republic has among the highest alcohol consumption per capita, including among adolescents, and providing their own children with sips of alcohol is widely considered by parents to be a good way to introduce children to safe drinking. This study examined whether the parental supply of alcohol is associated with later use among adolescents in an Eastern European alcohol-permissive context. METHOD: The sample included children (49% female) assessed at age 11 (n = 2,202) and age 15 (n = 1,279) from the European Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ELSPAC). The outcome was adolescent alcohol use at age 15, reported by adolescents and pediatricians. Predictors included different sources of alcohol (parents, family member, friend, own supply, or other sources) reported by adolescent at age 11. RESULTS: Parental supply of alcohol consistently emerged as a robust longitudinal predictor of adolescent alcohol use, with adjusted odds ratios of self-reported and pediatrician-reported frequent drinking at age 15 of 2.34 [1.19, 4.44] and 2.37 [1.02, 5.47], respectively. It also mediated the association between parental drinking and adolescent alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: Parental supply of alcohol is an important risk factor for later adolescent alcohol use in the high alcohol-permissive population of the Czech Republic, suggesting that the association might not be context dependent.

• MeSH
• chování mladistvých * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• pití alkoholu epidemiologie   MeSH
• pití nezletilých * MeSH
• rodiče MeSH
• vztahy mezi rodiči a dětmi MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The authors describe the current drug and alcohol scene in Czechoslovakia, with references to historical developments. Drug abuse is divided into nine groups: from drugs most frequently abused (opiates and speed) to illegally cultivated hemp (hashish and marijuana). In 1985 there were 9,900 registered drug addicts and 720 are added to this number annually. There are approximately 15 nonregistered drug addicts for every registered one. In the consumption of alcoholic beverages, Czechoslovakia holds 13th place in the world (average annual per capita consumption is in the vicinity of 9.5 litres of 100% alcohol). In 1985 there were 239,385 registered alcoholics (of this number, 18,746 were women). In conclusion the authors describe the Czechoslovak system of treatment of addictions: detoxification departments, outpatient treatment, and institutional care, as well as treatment for prisoners and forced treatment. They also mention the effectiveness of these treatment programs.

• MeSH
• alkoholismus epidemiologie   rehabilitace   MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek epidemiologie   rehabilitace   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• psychotropní léky * MeSH
• srovnání kultur * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Československo epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• psychotropní léky * MeSH