OBJECTIVES: Examine cognitive changes over time among nursing home residents and develop a risk model for identifying predictors of cognitive decline. DESIGN: Using secondary analysis design with Minimum Data Set data, cognitive status was based on the Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Baseline and 7 quarterly follow-up analyses of US and Canadian interRAI data (N = 1,257,832) were completed. METHODS: Logistic regression analyses identified predictors of decline to form the CogRisk-NH scale. RESULTS: At baseline, about 15% of residents were cognitively intact (CPS = 0), and 11.2% borderline intact (CPS = 1). The remaining more intact, with mild impairment (CPS = 2), included 15.0%. Approximately 59% residents fell into CPS categories 3 to 6 (moderate to severe impairment). Over time, increasing proportions of residents declined: 17.1% at 6 months, 21.6% at 9 months, and 34.0% at 21 months. Baseline CPS score was a strong predictor of decline. Categories 0 to 2 had 3-month decline rates in midteens, and categories 3 to 5 had an average decline rate about 9%. Consequently, a 2-submodel construction was employed-one for CPS categories 0 to 2 and the other for categories 3 to 5. Both models were integrated into a 6-category risk scale (CogRisk-NH). CogRisk-NH scale score distribution had 15.9% in category 1, 26.84% in category 2, and 36.7% in category 3. Three higher-risk categories (ie, 4-6) represented 20.6% of residents. Mean decline rates at the 3-month assessment ranged from 4.4% to 28.3%. Over time, differentiation among risk categories continued: 6.9% to 38.4.% at 6 months, 11.0% to 51.0% at 1 year, and 16.2% to 61.4% at 21 months, providing internal validation of the prediction model. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Cognitive decline rates were higher among residents in less-impaired CPS categories. CogRisk-NH scale differentiates those with low likelihood of decline from those with moderate likelihood and, finally, much higher likelihood of decline. Knowledge of resident risk for cognitive decline enables allocation of resources targeting amenable factors and potential interventions to mitigate continuing decline.

• Klíčová slova
• CPS, Cognitive Performance Scale, cognitive decline, cognitive impairment, dementia, interRAI, long term care facilities, nursing homes, older adults,
• MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pečovatelské domovy * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Kanada MeSH

• MeSH
• kognice * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• operantní podmiňování * MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• vývoj dítěte * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVE: To compare cognitive phenotypes of participants with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), estimate progression to MCI/dementia by phenotype and assess classification error with machine learning. METHOD: Dataset consisted of 163 participants with SCD and 282 participants with aMCI from the Czech Brain Aging Study. Cognitive assessment included the Uniform Data Set battery and additional tests to ascertain executive function, language, immediate and delayed memory, visuospatial skills, and processing speed. Latent profile analyses were used to develop cognitive profiles, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate risk of progression. Random forest machine learning algorithms reported cognitive phenotype classification error. RESULTS: Latent profile analysis identified three phenotypes for SCD, with one phenotype performing worse across all domains but not progressing more quickly to MCI/dementia after controlling for age, sex, and education. Three aMCI phenotypes were characterized by mild deficits, memory and language impairment (dysnomic aMCI), and severe multi-domain aMCI (i.e., deficits across all domains). A dose-response relationship between baseline level of impairment and subsequent risk of progression to dementia was evident for aMCI profiles after controlling for age, sex, and education. Machine learning more easily classified participants with aMCI in comparison to SCD (8% vs. 21% misclassified). CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive performance follows distinct patterns, especially within aMCI. The patterns map onto risk of progression to dementia.

• Klíčová slova
• Machine learning, Mild cognitive impairment, Neuropsychological performance, Prospective cohort study, Subjective cognitive complaints, Transition to dementia,
• MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * komplikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stárnutí MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Objectives: To analyze the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air at the time of delivery and five years of age on cognitive development in five year old children. Materials and Methods: Two cohorts of children born in the years 2013 and 2014 from Karvina (Northern Moravia, n = 70) and Ceske Budejovice (Southern Bohemia, n = 99) were studied at the age of five years for their cognitive development related to the exposure to PAHs, determined in the ambient air as the concentration of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and OH-PAH (hydroxy-PAH) metabolites in urine of the newborns at the time of delivery. As psychological tests, the Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test (BG test) and the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM test) were used. Results: Concentrations of B[a]P in the third trimester of mother's pregnancies were 6.1 ± 4.53 ng/m3 in Karvina, and 1.19 ± 1.28 ng/m3 (p < 0.001) in Ceske Budejovice. Neither the outcome of the RCPM test nor the BG test differed between children in Karvina vs. Ceske Budejovice, or boys vs. girls. Cognitive development in five year old children was affected by the higher exposure to PM2.5 during the third trimester in girls in Karvina. Conclusions: We did not observe any significant effect of prenatal PAH exposure on psychological cognitive tests in five year old children.

• Klíčová slova
• Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test, OH–PAH metabolites in urine, Raven Colored Progressive Matrices, cognitive development, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, psychological tests,
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Considering the world's rapidly increasing life expectancy, with people working and maintaining active lifestyles longer than ever before, addressing the effects of aging on cognition is of utmost importance. A greater understanding of cognitive aging may also be critical in distinguishing natural cognitive aging from pre-clinical stages of Alzheimer's disease and related cognitive disorders. OBJECTIVE: To systematically examine the association between aging and cognitive performance in a cognitively and otherwise healthy probability population-based sample using a computer-based method. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 673 cognitively and otherwise healthy participants aged 25-89 years (mean age 52.3±14.2 years, 52.5% of whom were female) from the Kardiovize study cohort. Mild cognitive impairment and dementia cases were excluded, followed by measurement of cognitive performance with the computer-administered Cogstate Brief Battery. We used ANCOVA and Modified Signed-Likelihood Ratio tests to examine patterns of cognition across age groups. RESULTS: We found a gradual decrease in cognitive performance across the lifespan, which required two decades to demonstrate significant changes. In contrast to attention and learning, psychomotor speed and working memory showed the most significant age-related decrease and variability in performance. The established pattern of cognitive aging was not altered by sex or education. CONCLUSION: These findings corroborate, validate, and extend the current understanding of natural cognitive aging and pinpoint specific cognitive domains with the most extensive age-related interindividual differences. This will contribute to the development of strategies to preserve cognition with aging and may also serve to improve early diagnostics of cognitive disorders using computer-based methods.

• Klíčová slova
• Aging, Alzheimer’s disease, cognition, physiology, pre-clinical diagnostics,
• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * psychologie   MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * diagnóza   psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

BACKGROUND: From 2012 to 2013, there was a mass methanol poisoning outbreak in the Czech Republic. Methanol metabolites can cause specific lesions in the basal ganglia, subcortical white matter, and optic nerve. However, long-term sequelae of methanol poisoning on cognitive functioning have not yet been explored. The current study aimed to delineate the cognitive changes observed in methanol poisoning survivors in the seven years since 2012. METHODS: We conducted longitudinal research with repeated measurements in 2013, 2015, 2017 and 2019 to evaluate the development of cognitive changes after acute methanol poisoning. A complex neuropsychological battery consisted of tests of global cognitive performance, auditory and visual attention, executive functioning, learning and memory, working memory and language. Motor performance measures and depression scale were also included. RESULTS: Repeated measures ANOVA of four measurements with post-hoc tests showed a significant decline in the Mini-Mental State Examination (p = 0.007); however, other parameters were not significantly decreasing. In comparison to normative values, the z-scores for each test measure, in the memory domain, in particular, ranged from 43 to 60 % of participants below 1.5 SD. Mild to severe depression levels from the onset of poisoning improved during the seven years, returning to normal in up to 27 % of participants. CONCLUSION: In the longitudinal perspective, methanol poisoning survivors manifest progressive global cognitive decline and overall persistent below-average cognitive performance with some improvements in the frequency of depressive symptoms.

• Klíčová slova
• Cognitive impairment, Executive function, Longitudinal perspective, Memory, Methanol poisoning,
• MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• deprese chemicky indukované   diagnóza   epidemiologie   psychologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epizodická paměť * MeSH
• kognice účinky léků   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce chemicky indukované   diagnóza   epidemiologie   psychologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• methanol otrava   MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• neurotoxické syndromy diagnóza   epidemiologie   psychologie   MeSH
• poruchy paměti chemicky indukované   diagnóza   epidemiologie   psychologie   MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika epidemiologie   MeSH
• Názvy látek
• methanol MeSH

Cognitive impairment exists in Parkinson's disease (PD) as a transitional state between cognitively intact and demented PD patients. It seems to be a risk factor for the development of dementia in PD, but the precise criteria and unfavorable cognitive profile of mild cognitive impairment in PD (MCI-PD) have not yet been established. The concept may turn to be different from that in Alzheimer's disease since we search for those already diagnosed PD patients who are at risk of developing dementia. In addition, clinical variables specific for PD also play role. Importantly, MCI possesses a metabolic basis in PD. Various biomarkers particularly including neuropsychological testing and the brain imaging hold promise in identification of MCI-PD patients with unfavorable prognoses. Well-designed longitudinal studies in MCI-PD cohorts are needed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the PD-MCI designation as far as dementia development is concerned.

• MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce komplikace   psychologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc komplikace   psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

We aimed to validate the Czech version of the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). The MCCB is a test battery designed to assess cognitive treatment effects in clinical trials of patients with schizophrenia. The valid, reliable and replicable measurement of cognition in schizophrenia is of substantial importance for such clinical trial studies. We performed a psychometric analysis of the MCCB composite and domain scores based on ROC analysis of 67 schizophrenia patients and 67 age- and education-matched healthy controls from a total sample of 220 controls. Also, we correlated MCCB variables with scales measuring psychosocial functioning (Personal and Social Performance scale; PSP). The internal consistency of all 10 tests in the MCCB battery was good (Cronbach's α = 0.85 (95% CI [0.83, 0.88])). The discriminative validity for the detection of neurocognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia based on the area under the curve of MCCB composite T-score was ≥90% (95% CI [0.85, 0.96]) and all MCCB domains showed ps < .001. The MCCB global composite and the Speed of Processing domain score significantly predicted the PSP ratings. A confirmatory factor analysis on the whole control sample (N = 220) showed an optimal fit for a 6-factor in comparison to 1-factor solution. In conclusion, we found high discriminative validity for the Czech MCCB version, similar to the differentiation of schizophrenia versus healthy control groups in the original MCCB studies. We also established the factorial validity of the MCCB and showed that the overall composite of the MCCB predicts psychosocial functioning in the patient group.

• Klíčová slova
• Cognition, MCCB, Reliability, Schizophrenia, Validity,
• MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• konsensus MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• psychiatrické posuzovací škály MeSH
• schizofrenie (psychologie) MeSH
• schizofrenie * komplikace   diagnóza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

This study explores the capabilities of large language models to replicate the behavior of individuals with underdeveloped cognitive and language skills. Specifically, we investigate whether these models can simulate child-like language and cognitive development while solving false-belief tasks, namely, change-of-location and unexpected-content tasks. GPT-3.5-turbo and GPT-4 models by OpenAI were prompted to simulate children (N = 1296) aged one to six years. This simulation was instantiated through three types of prompts: plain zero-shot, chain-of-thoughts, and primed-by-corpus. We evaluated the correctness of responses to assess the models' capacity to mimic the cognitive skills of the simulated children. Both models displayed a pattern of increasing correctness in their responses and rising language complexity. That is in correspondence with a gradual enhancement in linguistic and cognitive abilities during child development, which is described in the vast body of research literature on child development. GPT-4 generally exhibited a closer alignment with the developmental curve observed in 'real' children. However, it displayed hyper-accuracy under certain conditions, notably in the primed-by-corpus prompt type. Task type, prompt type, and the choice of language model influenced developmental patterns, while temperature and the gender of the simulated parent and child did not consistently impact results. We conducted analyses of linguistic complexity, examining utterance length and Kolmogorov complexity. These analyses revealed a gradual increase in linguistic complexity corresponding to the age of the simulated children, regardless of other variables. These findings show that the language models are capable of downplaying their abilities to achieve a faithful simulation of prompted personas.

• MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) * MeSH
• kognice * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lingvistika MeSH
• nadání MeSH
• vývoj dítěte MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) may be a precursor of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is a boundary area between normal aging and dementia. In practice, the term "age related cognitive decline" has been used interchangeably with "normal aging". Alternatively, the term "aging associated cognitive decline" was introduced and defined by a performance on a standardized cognitive scale focused on learning and memory, attention and cognitive speed, language, or visuoconstructional abilities. The term "mild cognitive impairment" was adopted by Petersen in 2004 to describe a period in the course of neurodegenerative disease where cognition is no longer normal relative to age expectations, however, daily functions are not sufficiently disrupted to correlate with the diagnosis of dementia. Most of the literature refers to the amnestic form of MCI, which is likely a precursor of AD. The rate of conversion from amnestic form of MCI to AD is estimated to reach 10-15% per year. That is why MCI generated a great deal of research. When considering MCI a precursor of AD, it seems reasonable to study AD genetic markers in the MCI patients. In AD, association studies focus on genetic polymorphisms assumed to have an effect on the expression and modulation function of genes associated with AD pathogenesis (ApoE, APP, presenilin 1, presenilin 2, tau protein), and on polymorphisms related to metabolism of the aforementioned proteins (splicing, degradation). Neuropsychological assesment plays a substantial role in the diagnosis of MCI, especially in the case of identification of different MCI subtypes or typical profiles of cognitive performance in prodromal phases of neurodegenerative diseases. The optimal composition of diet may increase an average age and prevent impairment of cognitive functions at the same time. Despite the progress in early diagnosis of MCI and dementia, further research is needed on differential diagnosis and treatment. In amnestic subtype of MCI some genetic markers may already be present, predicting possible future development of AD. Pointing to the need of secondary prevention, lifestyle modifications and possible early treatment could be implemented.

• Klíčová slova
• Alzheimer's dementia, genetics, mild cognitive impairment, neuropsychological testing, secondary prevention, terminology,
• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc etiologie   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce komplikace   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH