molecular sensors Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Editorial note concerning the "Utilization of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology" special issue.
- Klíčová slova
- Utilization of Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
- Publikační typ
- úvodníky MeSH
Diseases caused by pathogens contribute to molecular adaptations in host immunity. Variety of viral pathogens challenging animal immunity can drive positive selection diversifying receptors recognising the infections. However, whether distinct virus sensing systems differ across animals in their evolutionary modes remains unclear. Our review provides a comparative overview of natural selection shaping molecular evolution in vertebrate viral-binding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Despite prevailing negative selection arising from the functional constraints, multiple lines of evidence now suggest diversifying selection in the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and oligoadenylate synthetases (OASs). In several cases, location of the positively selected sites in the ligand-binding regions suggests effects on viral detection although experimental support is lacking. Unfortunately, in most other PRR families including the AIM2-like receptor family, C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and cyclic GMP-AMP synthetase studies characterising their molecular evolution are rare, preventing comparative insight. We indicate shared characteristics of the viral sensor evolution and highlight priorities for future research.
- Klíčová slova
- Evolutionary adaptation, Innate immunity, Molecular evolution, Pattern recognition receptor, Positive selection, Virus detection,
- MeSH
- molekulární evoluce MeSH
- obratlovci MeSH
- přirozená imunita * MeSH
- receptory rozpoznávající vzory * genetika MeSH
- selekce (genetika) MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- receptory rozpoznávající vzory * MeSH
The rather recent development of genetically encoded metabolite sensors has changed the way we can study metabolism in living cells, ex vivo tissues, and in vivo immensely. In recent years, these sensors have also been adapted for use in Drosophila tissues. Here, we describe a standard protocol to image such sensors in ex vivo Drosophila larval brains using the glucose sensor FLII12Pglu-700μδ6. The protocol, however, can be adapted for the use of other sensors, tissues, and can even be used in vivo.
- Klíčová slova
- Carbohydrate transport, FRET, Genetically encoded metabolite sensors, Live imaging, Metabolism,
- MeSH
- biosenzitivní techniky * metody MeSH
- Drosophila genetika MeSH
- rezonanční přenos fluorescenční energie * metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
This work briefly describes available sensors for cAMP and cGMP. Many sensors are based on derivatization of naturally occurring products such as immunoglobulins, protein kinases, etc. Only a few published works deal with chemosensors, which are built up by "total" chemical synthesis. This field stays opened for combinatorial chemist. The best sensors are protein kinases genetically modified with mutants of green fluorescent protein, which allow screening of entire cell cultures.
- MeSH
- biosenzitivní techniky * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nukleotidy cyklické fyziologie MeSH
- proteinkinasy genetika metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce fyziologie MeSH
- systémy druhého messengeru MeSH
- zelené fluorescenční proteiny genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- nukleotidy cyklické MeSH
- proteinkinasy MeSH
- zelené fluorescenční proteiny MeSH
Modifications of DNA cytosine bases and histone posttranslational modifications play key roles in the control of gene expression and specification of cell states. Such modifications affect many important biological processes and changes to these important regulation mechanisms can initiate or significantly contribute to the development of many serious pathological states. Therefore, recognition and determination of chromatin modifications is an important goal in basic and clinical research. Two of the most promising tools for this purpose are optical probes and sensors, especially colourimetric and fluorescence devices. The use of optical probes and sensors is simple, without highly expensive instrumentation, and with excellent sensitivity and specificity for target structural motifs. Accordingly, the application of various probes and sensors in the recognition and determination of cytosine modifications and structure of histones and histone posttranslational modifications, are discussed in detail in this review.
- Klíčová slova
- Bioanalytical methods, DNA modified cytosine bases, Epigenetics, Histone pattern, Optical sensor, Probe,
- MeSH
- DNA chemie MeSH
- epigeneze genetická * MeSH
- metylace DNA MeSH
- molekulární sondy * MeSH
- optika a fotonika MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- DNA MeSH
- molekulární sondy * MeSH
Here, we investigate the interactions between five representative gaseous analytes and two poly(ionic liquids) (PILs) based on the sulfopropyl acrylate polyanion in combination with the alkylphosphonium cations, P4,4,4,4 and P4,4,4,8, and their nanocomposites with fullerenes (C60, C70) to reveal the potential of PILs as sensitive layers for gas sensors. The gaseous analytes were chosen based on their molecular size (all of them containing two carbon atoms) and variation of functional groups: alcohol (ethanol), nitrile (acetonitrile), aldehyde (acetaldehyde), halogenated alkane (bromoethane), and carboxylic acid (acetic acid). The six variations of PILs-P4,4,4,4SPA (1), P4,4,4,4SPA + C60 (1 + C60), P4,4,4,4SPA + C70 (1 + C70), and P4,4,4,8SPA (2), P4,4,4,8SPA + C60 (2 + C60), P4,4,4,8SPA + C70 (2 + C70)-were characterized by UV-vis and Raman spectroscopy, and their interactions with each gaseous analyte were studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Exposure of all PIL samples to acetaldehyde, bromoethane, and ethanol leads to a decrease in the diffusion coefficient, while exposure to acetic acid reveals an increase. Fullerene-doping significantly enhances the response to the analyte. Semiempirical quantum mechanical xTB-GFN2 calculations revealed that hydrogen bonding and proton transfer events play an important role during the detection process.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Due to their life cycle, viruses can disrupt the metabolism of their hosts, causing diseases. If we want to disrupt their life cycle, it is necessary to identify their presence. For this purpose, it is possible to use several molecular-biological and bioanalytical methods. The reference selection was performed based on electronic databases (2020-2023). This review focused on electrochemical methods with high sensitivity and selectivity (53% voltammetry/amperometry, 33% impedance, and 12% other methods) which showed their great potential for detecting various viruses. Moreover, the aforementioned electrochemical methods have considerable potential to be applicable for care-point use as they are portable due to their miniaturizability and fast speed analysis (minutes to hours), and are relatively easy to interpret. A total of 2011 articles were found, of which 86 original papers were subsequently evaluated (the majority of which are focused on human pathogens, whereas articles dealing with plant pathogens are in the minority). Thirty-two species of viruses were included in the evaluation. It was found that most of the examined research studies (77%) used nanotechnological modifications. Other ones performed immunological (52%) or genetic analyses (43%) for virus detection. 5% of the reports used peptides to increase the method's sensitivity. When evaluable, 65% of the research studies had LOD values in the order of ng or nM. The vast majority (79%) of the studies represent proof of concept and possibilities with low application potential and a high need of further research experimental work.
- Klíčová slova
- African swine fever, COVID-19, Ebola, Emergency sensors and biosensors, SARS, bioanalytical approaches, influenza, nanomaterials, viruses,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
The paper provides a critical discussion of the present state of the theory of high-frequency impedance sensors (now mostly called contactless impedance or conductivity sensors), the principal approaches employed in designing impedance flow-through cells and their operational parameters. In addition to characterization of traditional types of impedance sensors, the article is concerned with the use of less common sensors, such as cells with wire electrodes or planar cells. There is a detailed discussion of the effect of the individual operational parameters (width and shape of the electrodes, detection gap, frequency and amplitude of the input signal) on the response of the detector. The most important problems to be resolved in coupling these devices with flow-through measurements in the liquid phase are also discussed. Examples are given of cell designs for continuous flow and flow-injection analyses and of detection systems for miniaturized liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. New directions for the use of these sensors in molecular biology and chemical reactors and some directions for future development are outlined.
Herein we demonstrate the synthesis of a helicene-based imidazolium salt. The salt was prepared by starting from racemic 2-methyl[6]helicene, which undergoes radical bromination to yield 2-(bromomethyl)[6]helicene. Subsequent treatment with 1-butylimidazole leads to the corresponding salt 1-butyl-3-(2-methyl[6]helicenyl)-imidazolium bromide. The prepared salt was subsequently characterized by using NMR spectroscopy and X-ray analysis, various optical spectrometric techniques, and computational chemistry tools. Finally, the imidazolium salt was immobilized onto a SiO2 substrate as a crystalline or amorphous deposit. The deposited layers were used for the development of organic molecular semiconductor devices and the construction of a fully reversible humidity sensor.
- Klíčová slova
- helicenes, imidazolium salt, organic electronics, organic semiconductor, sensors,
- MeSH
- elektronika * MeSH
- imidazoly chemie MeSH
- krystalografie rentgenová MeSH
- kvantová teorie MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie MeSH
- molekulární konformace MeSH
- oxid křemičitý chemie MeSH
- polycyklické sloučeniny chemická syntéza chemie MeSH
- soli chemie MeSH
- voda analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- helicenes MeSH Prohlížeč
- imidazoly MeSH
- oxid křemičitý MeSH
- polycyklické sloučeniny MeSH
- soli MeSH
- voda MeSH
Heterotrimeric G proteins are central mediators of cellular signal transduction. They receive, process, and transduce signals from G protein-coupled receptors to downstream effectors. Since their discovery, a number of optical sensors of G protein localisation and function have been developed and applied in living systems. In this minireview, we provide an overview of existing G protein-based sensors and the experimental approaches they utilise, with emphasis on live-cell imaging techniques. We outline recent advances, as well as identify current challenges and likely future directions in the field of G protein sensor development.
- Klíčová slova
- BRET, FRET, G protein, G protein-coupled receptor, TIRF, imaging, optogenetics, polarization microscopy, sensor, single-molecule imaging,
- MeSH
- biosenzitivní techniky * MeSH
- heterotrimerní G-proteiny chemie genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární zobrazování * MeSH
- receptory spřažené s G-proteiny chemie genetika MeSH
- signální transdukce genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- heterotrimerní G-proteiny MeSH
- receptory spřažené s G-proteiny MeSH
