Radiosurgery using the Leksell Gamma Knife (LGK) applied to ophthalmologic indications is a specific area where the eye target has a very eccentric location, since the eye can move, its fixation is required and the patient is generally treated in a prone position. It was demonstrated that the LGK is sufficiently accurate to be used for ophthalmic radiosurgery. Current spectrum of treated indications includes uveal melanomas, eye metastases, advanced glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), hemangioblastoma, angioreticuloma, pseudotumors and vegetative pain. The results for uveal melanomas are recognized and the value of the LGK in the treatment of glaucoma and ARMD seems promising after initial studies. Gamma Knife radiosurgery of the ciliary body leads to a significant alleviation of pain and reduction in intraocular pressure in advanced glaucoma. The latency of the treatment effect is relatively short. In the majority of patients with ARMD, both ultrasonography and fluorescein angiography demonstrated a regression of the neovascular complex or stabilization after LGK radiosurgery. A number of rare ophthalmologic indications have also been treated by the Gamma Knife in our Center with more or less prominent therapeutic responses.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fantomy radiodiagnostické MeSH
• glaukom patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• makulární degenerace chirurgie   MeSH
• melanom patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• nádory uvey patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• oční nemoci patologie   chirurgie   MeSH
• pronační poloha MeSH
• radiochirurgie přístrojové vybavení   metody   MeSH
• retrospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

PURPOSE: To correlate the analysis of the optic nerve head (ONH) obtained with Disc Damage Likelihood Scale (DDLS), Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II (HRT II), and visual field (VF) parameters (Aulhorn scale, mean deviation [MD], and pattern standard deviation [PSD]) in patients with glaucoma. METHODS: Sixty-five eyes were evaluated using the DDLS classification. Fifty-seven eyes had stable primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and eight eyes were normal (control group). Classification of the ONH was performed using the HRT II, with Moorfields Regression Analysis (MRA) and Cup Shape Measure (CSM) indexes. The VF was examined by Full Threshold test (30-2) using the Humphrey Field Analyzer (HFA) perimeter and evaluated by three METHODS: Aulhorn's scale of 0 to 6, and two global indices, MD and PSD. RESULTS: The amount of ONH damage as estimated by the DDLS correlated well with topographic damage determined by HRT II (r=0.923 with MRA and r=0.807 with CSM) and with visual field loss as measured by the MD (r=-0.792) and PSD (r=0.718) of the HFA and Aulhorn field staging system (r=0.849). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that evaluation of the ONH using the DDLS provides information that correlates well with VF and with data obtained from HRT II.

• MeSH
• diagnostické techniky oftalmologické MeSH
• discus nervi optici patologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• glaukom s otevřeným úhlem diagnóza   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci zrakového nervu diagnóza   MeSH
• nitrooční tlak MeSH
• poruchy zraku diagnóza   MeSH
• pravděpodobnostní funkce MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• testy zrakového pole MeSH
• tomografie metody   MeSH
• tonometrie oční MeSH
• zraková ostrost MeSH
• zraková pole * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Examination of 2,876 persons in fourteen communities was carried out for clinical onchocerciasis on the Taraba river valley, Nigeria, where parasitological findings indicate unusually high endemicity. Forty-five percent of the population had at least one type of skin lesion or the other, the commonest of which was pruritus. Thirty-two percent had nodules. Some of the nodules were located in unusual sites such as the mammae, anus. Nodule carriage and nodule-load as well as lymphatic enlargement were higher than those recorded elsewhere in Nigeria and tended to increase with increase in age. When subjected to regression analysis, the relationship between skin lesion, nodule carrier rate, nodule load, scrotal enlargement and microfilaria rate (mf) on one hand and microfilaria density (mfd) on the other showed a near-perfect correlation. The findings of this study suggest that certain clinical manifestations of onchocerciasis may be a reliable and more rapid alternative to the parasitological approach in the assessment of the prevalence and severity of the disease in communities with similar socioecological characteristics.

• MeSH
• dermatitida epidemiologie   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• Onchocerca volvulus izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• onchocerkóza epidemiologie   parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• parazitární onemocnění kůže epidemiologie   parazitologie   patologie   MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• prevalence MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• skrotum MeSH
• třísla MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• předškolní dítě MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nigérie epidemiologie   MeSH

PURPOSE: Corneal dysmorphologies (CDs) are typically classified as either regressive degenerative corneal dystrophies (CDtrs) or defective growth and differentiation-driven corneal dysplasias (CDyps). Both eye disorders have multifactorial etiologies. While previous work has elucidated many aspects of CDs, such as presenting symptoms, epidemiology, and pathophysiology, the genetic mechanisms remain incompletely understood. The purpose of this study was to analyze phenotype data from 8,707 knockout mouse lines to identify new genes associated with the development of CDs in humans. METHODS: 8,707 knockout mouse lines phenotyped by the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium were queried for genes associated with statistically significant (P < 0.0001) abnormal cornea morphology to identify candidate CD genes. Corneal abnormalities were investigated by histopathology. A literature search was used to determine the proportion of candidate genes previously associated with CDs in mice and humans. Phenotypes of human orthologues of mouse candidate genes were compared with known human CD genes to identify protein-protein interactions and molecular pathways using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING), Protein Analysis Through Evolutionary Relationships (PANTHER), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. RESULTS: Analysis of data from 8,707 knockout mouse lines identified 213 candidate CD genes. Of these, 37 (17%) genes were previously known to be associated with CD, including 14 in the mouse, 16 in humans, and 7 in both. The remaining 176 (83%) genes have not been previously implicated in CD. We also searched publicly available RNAseq data and found that 131 of the total 213 (61.5%) were expressed in adult human corneal tissue. STRING analysis showed several interactions within and between candidate and established CD proteins. All cellular pathways of the established genes were found in the PANTHER analysis of the candidate genes. Several of the candidate genes were implicated in corneal disease, such as TGF-ß signaling. We also identified other possible underappreciated mechanisms relevant to the human cornea. CONCLUSIONS: We identified 213 mouse genes that resulted in statistically significant abnormal corneal phenotypes in knockout mice, many of which have not previously been implicated in corneal pathology. Bioinformatic analyses implicated candidate genes in several signaling pathways which are potential therapeutic targets.

• Klíčová slova
• Corneal disease, Corneal dysmorphologies, Corneal dystrophies,
• MeSH
• fenotyp * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myši knockoutované * MeSH
• myši MeSH
• nemoci rohovky genetika   patologie   veterinární   MeSH
• rohovka * abnormality   patologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

In the introduction the authors describe a portable electronic tonometer Tono-pen XL and explain the principle of its function. After this follows a comparative study with Goldmann's applanation tonometry (AT) on 240 eyes in children aged 7 to 18 years. The mean value of the intraocular pressure (IOP) was 17.09 torr +/- 4.35 SD with AT and 16.46 torr +/- 4.04 SD when using the Tono-pen. Regression analysis revealed a very close correlation between the two methods of assessment (r = 0.925) with a high statistical significance (p < 0.0005). The difference as compared with AT values was constant, on average close to -0.68 torr in the whole range from 7 to 35 torr. The authors found also a significantly greater variability of values obtained by means of the Tono-pen (p = 0.0009), the mean scatter of individual values being 1.55 torr as compared with 1.25 torr in AT. However 97.1% of the eyes were within a range of 3 torr. The authors did not find a significant relationship between assessment by means of the Tono-pen and the doctor's experience. The unique advantage of Tono-pen as compared with all other methods of routine tonometry is the relatively accurate assessment of the IOP under irregular conditions of the cornea. It is also possible to take measurements in children where AT cannot be used.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nitrooční tlak MeSH
• tonometrie oční přístrojové vybavení   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

The retinal ganglion axons are an important part of the visual system, which can be directly observed by fundus camera. The layer they form together inside the retina is the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL). This paper describes results of a texture RNFL analysis in color fundus photographs and compares these results with quantitative measurement of RNFL thickness obtained from optical coherence tomography on normal subjects. It is shown that local mean value, standard deviation, and Shannon entropy extracted from the green and blue channel of fundus images are correlated with corresponding RNFL thickness. The linear correlation coefficients achieved values 0.694, 0.547, and 0.512 for respective features measured on 439 retinal positions in the peripapillary area from 23 eyes of 15 different normal subjects.

• MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• axony patologie   MeSH
• barva MeSH
• entropie MeSH
• fotografování MeSH
• fundus oculi * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nervová vlákna MeSH
• optická koherentní tomografie MeSH
• počítačové zpracování obrazu MeSH
• povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
• referenční hodnoty MeSH
• regresní analýza MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• retinální gangliové buňky patologie   MeSH
• zdraví dobrovolníci pro lékařské studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

In a comparative study of the tonometer Pulsair 2000 (PA) with Goldmann's applanation tonometry (AT) on 240 eyes of children aged 7-18 years the mean value of intraocular pressure (IOP) was 17.09 torr +/- 4.35 SD when using AT and 16.86 torr +/- 4.56 when using PA. Regression analysis revealed a close correlation between the two methods (r = 0.86) with high statistical significance (p < 0.0005). It was found that PA had a tendency to underestimate the IOP at lower levels and overestimate it at levels above 19 torr. Between 13 and 24 torr, however, the difference between AT and PA on average was not greater than 1 torr. The mean scatter of IOP values during individual measurements was 1.25 torr with AT and 1.5 torr with PA, the difference being at the borderline of statistical significance (p = 0.055). A scatter under 2 torr was recorded in 92.1% eyes using AT and 86.7% when using PA, under 3 torr 98.3% and 94.2% eyes respectively. The analysis revealed moreover that the accuracy of assessment in PA is improved by longer experience of the examining physician, while in AT the relationship was not unequivocal. The authors consider assessment of IOP by means of a non-contact portable tonometer Pulsair 2000 comparable with AT and consider PA suitable for use in children.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• nitrooční tlak MeSH
• tonometrie oční * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• anglický abstrakt MeSH
• časopisecké články MeSH

Deterioration of dynamic visual acuity (DVA) as a result of impaired vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) has been well described in peripheral vestibulopathies, however, changes in DVA in patients with degenerative cerebellar ataxias (CA) and its relation to VOR impairment in these patients has not yet been evaluated. Our aim was to assess the alterations of DVA in CA and to evaluate its relation to vestibular function. 32 patients with CA and 3 control groups: 13 patients with unilateral and 13 with bilateral vestibulopathy and 21 age matched healthy volunteers were examined by clinical DVA test, VOR was assessed by video Head Impulse Test and caloric irrigation. The severity of ataxia in CA was assessed by Scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA). Relationship between DVA and vestibular function in CA patients was examined by linear regressions. DVA impairment was highly prevalent in CA patients (84%) and its severity did not differ between CA and bilateral vestibulopathy patients. The severity of DVA impairment in CA was linked mainly to VOR impairment and only marginally to the degree of ataxia. However, DVA impairment was present also in CA patients without significant vestibular lesion showing that central mechanisms such as impairment of central adaptation of VOR are involved. We suggest that the evaluation of DVA should be a standard part of clinical evaluation in patients with progressive CA, as this information can help to target vestibular and oculomotor rehabilitation.

• MeSH
• bilaterální vestibulopatie patofyziologie   MeSH
• cerebelární ataxie * patofyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pulsní rotační test MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• vestibulární funkční testy MeSH
• vestibulární nemoci patofyziologie   MeSH
• vestibulookulární reflex * fyziologie   MeSH
• zraková ostrost * fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

African mole-rats (Bathyergidae, Rodentia) are subterranean rodents that live in extensive dark underground tunnel systems and rarely emerge aboveground. They can discriminate between light and dark but show no overt visually driven behaviours except for light-avoidance responses. Their eyes and central visual system are strongly reduced but not degenerated. Here, we focus on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Sighted mammals have numerous RGC types with distinct morphological and functional properties that encode different aspects of a visual scene. We analysed the morphological diversity of 216 intracellularly dye-injected RGCs in the giant mole-rat (Fukomys mechowii) and 48 RGCs in Ansell's mole-rat (Fukomys anselli). Using a hierarchical cluster analysis on 11 morphological parameters, we show that both species possess at least five RGC types with distinct dendritic field sizes and branching patterns. These resemble some RGC types of the mouse and rat, but mole-rat RGCs feature overall sparser and more asymmetric branching patterns. The dendritic trees of most RGCs in all clusters are monostratified in the inner plexiform layer, but bistratified and multistratified/diffuse cells also exist. Thus, although RGC morphologies have become disorganized, the basic retinal organization principle of parallel information processing by distinct RGC types is retained.

• Klíčová slova
• Fukomys, microphthalmia, mole-rats, ocular regression, retinal ganglion cells, subterranean mammals,
• MeSH
• dendrity fyziologie   MeSH
• mikroftalmičtí podzemní hlodavci * fyziologie   anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• retinální gangliové buňky * fyziologie   cytologie   MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

AIM: To compare intraocular pressure readings (IOP) measured by ICARE PRO and ORA G3 and analyse the influence of the corneal hysteresis (CH), central corneal thickness (CCT), average central corneal radius, corneal astigmatism and age on the readings. In addition, to compare the repeatability of measurement by both tonometers. METHODS: The data was collected by IOP measurements in both eyes in 40 individuals between ages of 41 and 86 years. The number of 74 eyes (70 eyes in the case of ORA repeatability) were included to the study, remaining eyes were excluded due to incomplete data, abnormal cornea or low quality of measurement. The subjects were all diagnosed for glaucoma or were suspected of having glaucoma. In the case of ORA tonometer, the Goldmann-correlated IOP (IOPG) and corneal compensated IOP (IOPCC) were monitored. The CH was measured by ORA, CCT by ultrasound pachymeter and corneal curvature and astigmatism by autokeratometer. The effect of corneal parameters and age on IOP or on differences between tonometers were analysed by multiple linear regression. The comparison of readings from both tonometers and repeatability analysis (based on test-retest) were realised using a paired t-test and a Bland-Altman method. The level of statistical significance was set to 0.05. RESULTS: The IOP readings from both tonometers were positively correlated with CCT and negatively with CH. The effects of other monitored parameters were insignificant. The mean ICARE PRO reading did not differ significantly from IOPG but were significantly lower than IOPCC. The variability of differences was, however, high in both cases and differences were influenced by IOP and CH (ICARE PRO shown higher readings with decreasing IOP and increasing hysteresis). The lowest repeatability coefficient shown ICARE PRO, the worst IOPCC (3.0 mmHg for ICARE PRO, 3.8 mmHg for IOPG and 4.8 mmHg for IOPCC). CONCLUSION: The IOP values measured by both considered tonometers are significantly influenced by corneal hysteresis and central thickness. The effect of CCT can arise from an effect of a corneal stiffness. Regarding the high variability of mutual differences, the data from ICARE PRO and ORA are not interchangeable. The repeatability of ICARE PRO was comparable with Goldmann applanation tonometer measurement under given conditions, and better than ORA.

• Klíčová slova
• ICARE, ORA, central corneal thickness, corneal hysteresis, intraocular pressure,
• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• glaukom * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemoci rohovky * MeSH
• nitrooční tlak MeSH
• rohovka * fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• tonometrie oční MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH