• MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• imunoglobuliny * MeSH
• obratlovci imunologie   MeSH
• ptáci imunologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Názvy látek
• imunoglobuliny * MeSH

• Klíčová slova
• ACETATES *, AMINO ACIDS *, BARIUM *, BIOCHEMISTRY *, CATTLE *, COLLAGEN *, EVOLUTION *, EXPERIMENTAL LAB STUDY *, MAGNESIUM *, MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON *, PHYSIOLOGY, COMPARATIVE *, PRESERVATION, BIOLOGICAL *, SHARKS *, SODIUM HYDROXIDE *, TRYPSIN *, VERTEBRATES *, WATER *,
• MeSH
• acetáty * MeSH
• aminokyseliny * MeSH
• baryum * MeSH
• biochemické jevy * MeSH
• biochemie * MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• elektronová mikroskopie * MeSH
• elektrony * MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• hořčík * MeSH
• hydroxid sodný * MeSH
• kolagen * MeSH
• mikroskopie * MeSH
• obratlovci * MeSH
• ochrana biologická * MeSH
• skot MeSH
• srovnávací fyziologie * MeSH
• trypsin * MeSH
• voda * MeSH
• výzkum * MeSH
• žraloci * MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• skot MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• acetáty * MeSH
• aminokyseliny * MeSH
• baryum * MeSH
• hořčík * MeSH
• hydroxid sodný * MeSH
• kolagen * MeSH
• trypsin * MeSH
• voda * MeSH

Haloalkane dehalogenases (HLDs) are enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of carbon-halogen bonds by a hydrolytic mechanism. Although comparative biochemical analyses have been published, no classification system has been proposed for HLDs, to date, that reconciles their phylogenetic and functional relationships. In the study presented here, we have analyzed all sequences and structures of genuine HLDs and their homologs detectable by database searches. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the HLD family can be divided into three subfamilies denoted HLD-I, HLD-II, and HLD-III, of which HLD-I and HLD-III are predicted to be sister-groups. A mismatch between the HLD protein tree and the tree of species, as well as the presence of more than one HLD gene in a few genomes, suggest that horizontal gene transfers, and perhaps also multiple gene duplications and losses have been involved in the evolution of this family. Most of the biochemically characterized HLDs are found in the HLD-II subfamily. The dehalogenating activity of two members of the newly identified HLD-III subfamily has only recently been confirmed, in a study motivated by this phylogenetic analysis. A novel type of the catalytic pentad (Asp-His-Asp+Asn-Trp) was predicted for members of the HLD-III subfamily. Calculation of the evolutionary rates and lineage-specific innovations revealed a common conserved core as well as a set of residues that characterizes each HLD subfamily. The N-terminal part of the cap domain is one of the most variable regions within the whole family as well as within individual subfamilies, and serves as a preferential site for the location of relatively long insertions. The highest variability of discrete sites was observed among residues that are structural components of the access channels. Mutations at these sites modify the anatomy of the channels, which are important for the exchange of ligands between the buried active site and the bulk solvent, thus creating a structural basis for the molecular evolution of new substrate specificities. Our analysis sheds light on the evolutionary history of HLDs and provides a structural framework for designing enzymes with new specificities.

• MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• databáze proteinů MeSH
• duplikace genu MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• hydrolasy klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• klasifikace metody   MeSH
• mutace MeSH
• přenos genů horizontální MeSH
• rozpouštědla MeSH
• sekvenční homologie aminokyselin MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• strukturní homologie proteinů MeSH
• substrátová specifita MeSH
• vazebná místa MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• haloalkane dehalogenase MeSH Prohlížeč
• hydrolasy MeSH
• rozpouštědla MeSH

The Win95 program for computation of distance matrixes and construction of phylogenetic or phenetic trees on the basis of RAPD, RFLP and allozyme data was presented. In contrast with other presently available software, the program FreeTree can also assess the robustness of the tree topology by bootstrap, jackknife or OTU-jackknife analysis. Moreover, the program can be used also for an analysis of data obtained in several independent experiments performed with nonidentical subsets of taxa. The function of the program was demonstrated by an analysis of RAPD data from 22 strains of Frenkelia. The program is available as an autoextractive archive containing the installation files of FreeTree and TreeView, manual in MS Word format and a sample of the input file at http://www.natur.cuni.cz/flegr/programs/+ ++freetree.

• MeSH
• Coccidia genetika   MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• Eimeriida genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• software * MeSH
• technika náhodné amplifikace polymorfní DNA * MeSH
• Toxoplasma genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• bederní obratle anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hrudní obratle anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• krční obratle anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ocas MeSH
• páteř anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• savci MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

Sequences of the small subunit rRNA genes were obtained for two coccidians, Sarcocystis dispersa and an unnamed Sarcocystis sp. which parasitise the European barn owl and an African viperid snake as their final host, respectively, and share mouse as their intermediate host. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequence data showed that Sarcocystis sp. from the viperid snake is most closely related to another Sarcocystis sp. isolated from an American crotalid snake, while S. dispersa grouped with other bird-transmitted species. The available dataset failed to resolve the evolutionary relationships among four major branches into which all Sarcocystidae and Isospora spp. were split. However, within these branches, the phylogenetic relationships of the majority of analysed members of the genus Sarcocystis reflected coevolution with their final, rather than intermediate hosts.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• hadi parazitologie   MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• myši MeSH
• RNA protozoální genetika   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální genetika   MeSH
• Sarcocystis genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční seřazení MeSH
• Stringiformes parazitologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• RNA protozoální MeSH
• RNA ribozomální MeSH

An intracellular symbiotic bacterium was isolated from the hemolymph of Triatoma infestans and cultured in an Aedes albopictus cell line. 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis revealed that the bacterium was a member of the gamma-3 subgroup of the class Proteobacteria, having 96.2% sequence identity with the most closely related bacterium, Arsenophonus nasoniae, the causative agent of the son-killer trait in the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. These bacteria share morphological features and a common tissue distribution and transmission mode. The A. nasoniae-T. infestans symbiont branch represents a lineage of insect symbionts which may be capable of horizontal transmission between phylogenetically distant host insects. We propose that the intracellular symbiont from T. infestans be classified as "Candidatus Arsenophonus triatominarum." The bacterium found in the hemocytes of T. infestans is designated the type strain of this species.

• MeSH
• DNA bakterií analýza   MeSH
• elektronová mikroskopie MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• gramnegativní bakterie klasifikace   genetika   ultrastruktura   MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S analýza   MeSH
• symbióza MeSH
• Triatoma mikrobiologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• DNA bakterií MeSH
• RNA ribozomální 16S MeSH

• MeSH
• aminokyseliny analýza   MeSH
• DNA fungální analýza   MeSH
• fungální proteiny analýza   MeSH
• fungální RNA analýza   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• kvasinky klasifikace   metabolismus   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Názvy látek
• aminokyseliny MeSH
• DNA fungální MeSH
• fungální proteiny MeSH
• fungální RNA MeSH

Previously we have identified the rplA gene encoding ribosomal protein L1 in Streptomyces aureofaciens. Sequence comparison of ribosomal protein L1 among several bacterial genera revealed a high level of conservation. Based on this conservation, these proteins were used as a phylogenetic tool to compare evolutionary relationships among eubacteria and archaebacteria. This phylogenetic analysis of L1 ribosomal proteins including the S. aureofaciens rplA gene product revealed, except similar bacterial groupings, some new evolutionary relationships.

• MeSH
• Archaea klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• Bacteria klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• bakteriální proteiny klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• ribozomální proteiny klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• sekvence aminokyselin MeSH
• sekvenční homologie aminokyselin MeSH
• sekvenční seřazení MeSH
• Streptomyces aureofaciens klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• bakteriální proteiny MeSH
• ribosomal protein L1 MeSH Prohlížeč
• ribozomální proteiny MeSH

We have assessed the phylogenetic status of the Leishmania genome project Friedlin reference strain by MLEE and multiprimer RAPD including a set of 9 stocks representative of the main Leishmania species and of the whole genetic diversity of the Leishmania genus. To our knowledge, the detailed genetic characterization of the Friedlin strain has never been published before. As previously recorded (Tibayrenc et al. 1993), MLEE and RAPD data gave congruent phylogenetic results. The Friedlin reference strain was definitely attributed to Leishmania (Leishmania) major Yakimoff et Schokhor, 1914. Five specific RAPD patterns made it possible to distinguish between the Friedlin strain and the 2 other L. (L.) major stocks included in the study. Various specific MLEE and RAPD characters permitted to distinguish between the Leishmania species included in the study. All these characters are usable to detect accidental laboratory mix-ups involving the Friedlin reference strain. In confirmation with previous studies involving a more limited set of genetic markers, the general genetic diversity of the Leishmania genus proved to be considerable. It must be made clear that only one strain cannot be considered as representative of the whole genetic variability of the genus Leishmania. In the future, it is therefore advisable to complement the results obtained in the framework of the Leishmania genome project with data from other strains that should be selected on a criterion of important genetic differences with the Friedlin strain.

• MeSH
• elektroforéza metody   MeSH
• enzymy analýza   MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• genetická variace MeSH
• genom protozoální * MeSH
• Leishmania major klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• referenční standardy MeSH
• technika náhodné amplifikace polymorfní DNA MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Názvy látek
• enzymy MeSH