theory development Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
The author gives an account of the views of L. Hartmann, president of the American Psychiatric Association, professor of child psychiatry, specially of his theory of biopsychosocial integration. It is a selective abbreviated explanation of Hartman's concept which seems to be a good baseline of contemporary child psychiatry.
In the current era of Big Data, existing synthesis tools such as formal meta-analyses are critical means to handle the deluge of information. However, there is a need for complementary tools that help to (a) organize evidence, (b) organize theory, and (c) closely connect evidence to theory. We present the hierarchy-of-hypotheses (HoH) approach to address these issues. In an HoH, hypotheses are conceptually and visually structured in a hierarchically nested way where the lower branches can be directly connected to empirical results. Used for organizing evidence, this tool allows researchers to conceptually connect empirical results derived through diverse approaches and to reveal under which circumstances hypotheses are applicable. Used for organizing theory, it allows researchers to uncover mechanistic components of hypotheses and previously neglected conceptual connections. In the present article, we offer guidance on how to build an HoH, provide examples from population and evolutionary biology and propose terminological clarifications.
- Klíčová slova
- hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach, knowledge synthesis, linking evidence to theory, structuring ideas, theory development,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Psychoanalysis is concerned with investigation of endopsychic phenomena; using its own methods, it expresses hypotheses on its origin and functioning. These hypothese and their practical application are the subject of the submitted work. In the first part the author deals with the historical development of psychoanalytical theories and the possibility of a systemic approach in the construction of the comprehensive model of the psychic apparatus. The author explains Freud's theory and models corresponding to it as well as more recent ego psychological theories. In the conclusion she outlines a pattern of the development of objective relations which is in the background of the developmental trends of all psychic functions.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psychoanalytická teorie * MeSH
- rozvoj osobnosti * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
In the first part Freud's clinical theories and models and the ego psychological theory were described from which ensues a general pattern of objective relations. The second part of the paper attempts a synthesis of the most important psychoanalytical theories, the creation of a uniform model of psychic functioning using an epigenetic pattern. The author analyzes in more detail developmental trends of these mental functions which are considered in psychoanalysis decisive for adaptation. The developmental trends are divided into stages which correlate with stages of the development of objective relations. The developmental stages and transformations of specific psychological functions are presented by means of rectangular coordinate graphs. In the conclusion an epigenetic pattern of the foreseen development of personality is presented, a hierarchical model of modes of personality organization.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psychoanalytická teorie * MeSH
- rozvoj osobnosti * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- anglický abstrakt MeSH
- časopisecké články MeSH
In many scientific fields, sparseness and indirectness of empirical evidence pose fundamental challenges to theory development. Theories of the evolution of human cognition provide a guiding example, where the targets of study are evolutionary processes that occurred in the ancestors of present-day humans. In many cases, the evidence is both very sparse and very indirect (e.g., archaeological findings regarding anatomical changes that might be related to the evolution of language capabilities); in other cases, the evidence is less sparse but still very indirect (e.g., data on cultural transmission in groups of contemporary humans and non-human primates). From examples of theoretical and empirical work in this domain, we distill five virtuous practices that scientists could aim to satisfy when evidence is sparse or indirect: (i) making assumptions explicit, (ii) making alternative theories explicit, (iii) pursuing computational and formal modelling, (iv) seeking external consistency with theories of related phenomena, and (v) triangulating across different forms and sources of evidence. Thus, rather than inhibiting theory development, sparseness or indirectness of evidence can catalyze it. To the extent that there are continua of sparseness and indirectness that vary across domains and that the principles identified here always apply to some degree, the solutions and advantages proposed here may generalise to other scientific domains.
- Klíčová slova
- Cognitive science, Evidence, Explanation, Theoretical virtues, Theory development, Underdetermination,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
OBJECTIVE: This study explores the experiential process of psychotherapists during a session with a currently depressive client. METHOD: Individual and focus group interviews were conducted with 30 therapists and the grounded theory method was used as a methodological framework. RESULTS: The therapists' experience was conceptualized as Experiential oscillation between getting closer to a client's depressive experience and moving away from it. Its development over the course of a session is depicted by a six-phase Depression Co-experiencing Trajectory model. CONCLUSIONS: The resultant theory interconnects different therapists' emotional responses to a depressive client within a coherent process model, which allows us to track the changes in therapists' experiences, to name the relations between them, and to connect them with the therapy's in-session microprocesses.
- Klíčová slova
- countertransference, depression, grounded theory method, therapeutic relationship, therapists' experience,
- MeSH
- deprese terapie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- hodnocení postupů (zdravotní péče) * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psychoterapie metody MeSH
- zakotvená teorie * MeSH
- zdravotnický personál psychologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
AIM: The study's main objective was to use a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis to identify the configuration of recipes that predict nurses' safety compliance behaviour. DESIGN: A cross-sectional design. METHODS: A survey was used where questionnaires were collected from 285 nurses across four primary healthcare hospitals within the Ashanti Region, Ghana. The data collection happened between June 1 to August 2, 2022. A fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis was used to identify the recipes of psychological factors that determine nurses' safety compliance behaviour. RESULTS: Results from the study suggest that the necessary configurations that explained nurses' safety compliance behaviour came from the presence of subjective norm, attitude, perceived behavioural control, perceived organizational support and negation of intention. The result highlights the need for safety protocols to be conscious of the interplay between nurses' assessment of self, social clues and perception of management care and support since such psychological factors must be considered concurrently to achieve the optimal safety compliance behaviour among nurses. CONCLUSION: A health and safety protocol that fails to recognize the importance of psychological antecedents on subordinates' safety compliance behaviour could limit the safety policy's usefulness in bringing the appropriate behavioural change in nurses. IMPACT: To date, no study has combined the antecedents of theory planned behaviour with perceived organizational support and cue to action to assess how they collectively predict nurses' safety compliance behaviour. Findings from the study suggest that nurses in primary health facilities inform their safety compliance behaviour by assessing self-capabilities, social signals from superiors and colleagues and perception of management support. Hospital administrators and nursing managers in sub-Saharan Africa may rely on these psychological forces to persuade nurses to develop positive safety compliance behaviour at the health facility. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No Patient or Public Contribution.
- Klíčová slova
- configurational approach, cue to action, fsQCA, nurses, perceived organizational support, safety compliance behaviour, theory of planned behaviour,
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- personál sesterský nemocniční * psychologie MeSH
- postoj zdravotnického personálu MeSH
- průřezové studie MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- teorie plánovaného chování MeSH
- zdravé chování MeSH
- zdravotní sestry * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The continuity equations that describe the movement of ions in liquid solutions under the influence of an external stationary electric field, as it is utilized in electrophoresis, were introduced a long time ago starting with Kohlrausch in 1897. From that time on, there have been many attempts to solve the equations and to discuss the results. In electrophoresis, special attention has always been devoted to the peak shapes obtained by the detector since the shapes have a tight connection with the phenomena taking place during electromigration and influence the efficiency and selectivity of the separation. Among these phenomena, the most important is electromigration dispersion. In this commented review paper, we compare various models of electromigration, try to find points that connect them, and discuss the range of their validity in light of the linear and nonlinear theory of electromigration.
- Klíčová slova
- Capillary zone electrophoresis, Electromigration dispersion, Linear theory of electromigration,
- MeSH
- chemické modely * MeSH
- elektroforéza kapilární * MeSH
- ionty analýza chemie izolace a purifikace MeSH
- statistické modely MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- ionty MeSH
- MeSH
- filozofie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- psychologická teorie * MeSH
- sociální psychologie MeSH
- sociologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- STATE MEDICINE *,
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- státní lékařství * MeSH
- věda * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
