The transient postnatal increase in circulating leptin levels, known as leptin surge, may increase later susceptibility to diet-induced obesity in rodents. However, the source of leptin during the surge needs to be better characterized, and the long-term effects of leptin are contradictory. Characterization of the interaction of leptin with the genetic background, sex, and other factors is required. Here, we focused on the impact of circulating leptin levels and several related variables, measured in 2- and 4-wk-old i) obesity-prone C57BL/6 (B6) and ii) obesity-resistant A/J mice. In total, 264 mice of both sexes were used. Posttranscriptionally controlled leptin secretion from subcutaneous white adipose tissue, the largest adipose tissue depot in mice pups, was the primary determinant of plasma leptin levels. When the animals were randomly assigned standard chow or high-fat diet (HFD) between 12 and 24 wk of age, the obesogenic effect of HFD feeding was observed in B6 but not A/J mice. Only leptin levels at 2 wk, i.e., close to the maximum in the postnatal leptin surge, correlated with both body weight (BW) trajectory throughout the life and adiposity of the 24-wk-old mice. Leptin surge explained 13 and 7% of the variance in BW and adiposity of B6 mice, and 9 and 35% of the variance in these parameters in A/J mice, with a minor role of sex. Our results prove the positive correlation between the leptin surge and adiposity in adulthood, reflecting the fundamental biological role of leptin. This role could be compromised in subjects with obesity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The postnatal surge in circulating leptin levels in mice reflects particularly posttranscriptionally controlled release of this hormone from subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Leptinemia in 2-wk-old pups predicts both body weight and adiposity in adult mice fed a high-fat diet. The extent of these effects depends on genetically determined differences in propensity to obesity between C57BL/6 and A/J mice. The leptin effect on adiposity is compromised in the obesity-prone C57BL/6 mice.

• MeSH
• adipozita * MeSH
• bílá tuková tkáň metabolismus   MeSH
• dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků * MeSH
• leptin * krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• myši inbrední C57BL * MeSH
• myši MeSH
• novorozená zvířata MeSH
• obezita * metabolismus   MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• tuková tkáň metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• myši MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This study hypothesized that SCFA, acetate impacts positively on hypothalamic pyroptosis and its related abnormalities in experimentally induced PCOS rat model, possibly through NrF2/HIF1-α modulation. Eight-week-old female Wister rats were divided into groups (n = 5), namely control, PCOS, acetate and PCOS + acetate groups. Induction of PCOS was performed by administering 1 mg/kg body weight of letrozole for 21 days. After PCOS confirmation, the animals were treated with 200 mg/kg of acetate for 6 weeks. Rats with PCOS were characterized with insulin resistance, leptin resistance, increased plasma testosterone as well as degenerated ovarian follicles. There was also a significant increase in hypothalamic triglyceride level, triglyceride-glucose index, inflammatory biomarkers (SDF-1 and NF-kB) and caspase-6 as well as plasma LH and triglyceride. A decrease was observed in plasma adiponectin, GnRH, FSH, and hypothalamic GABA with severe inflammasome expression in PCOS rats. These were accompanied by decreased level of NrF2/HIF1-α, and the alterations were reversed when treated with acetate. Collectively, the present results suggest the therapeutic impact of acetate on hypothalamic pyroptosis and its related comorbidity in PCOS, a beneficial effect that is accompanied by modulation of NrF2/HIF1-α.

• MeSH
• adiponektin metabolismus   krev   MeSH
• faktor 1 indukovatelný hypoxií - podjednotka alfa * metabolismus   MeSH
• faktor 2 související s NF-E2 metabolismus   MeSH
• folikuly stimulující hormon krev   MeSH
• GABA metabolismus   MeSH
• hormon uvolňující gonadotropiny metabolismus   MeSH
• hypothalamus * metabolismus   účinky léků   patologie   MeSH
• inzulinová rezistence MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• leptin krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• letrozol farmakologie   MeSH
• luteinizační hormon krev   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• potkani Wistar * MeSH
• pyroptóza * účinky léků   MeSH
• syndrom polycystických ovarií * chemicky indukované   metabolismus   farmakoterapie   patologie   MeSH
• testosteron krev   MeSH
• triglyceridy krev   metabolismus   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 12-week very low-carbohydrate, high-fat (VLCHF) diet and exercise on biomarkers of inflammation in healthy individuals. Since the anti-inflammatory effects of a ketogenic diet have been established, we hypothesized that the VLCHF diet, along with exercise, would have an additional favorable effect on biomarkers of inflammation. Twenty-four healthy individuals were allocated to the VLCHF diet (VLCHF: N = 12, age 25.3 ± 2.0 years, body mass 66.7 ± 9.8 kg, fat mass 21.5% ± 4.9%), or habitual diet (HD: N = 12, age 23.9 ± 3.8 years, body mass 72.7 ± 15.0 kg, fat mass 23.4 ± 8.4 %) group. Biomarkers of inflammation (adiponectin, leptin, and high-sensitive interleukin-6 [hs-IL-6]) and substrate metabolism (glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose, triacylglycerides, and cholesterol) were analyzed from blood at baseline and after 12 weeks. The adiponectin-leptin ratio significantly increased in the VLCHF group after the intervention period (ES [95% CL]: -0.90 [-0.96, -0.77], P ≤ .001, BF10 = 22.15). The adiponectin-leptin ratio changes were associated with both a significant increase in adiponectin (-0.79 [-0.91, -0.54], P ≤ .001, BF10 = 9.43) and a significant decrease in leptin (0.58 [0.19, 0.81], P = .014, BF10 = 2.70). There was moderate evidence of changes in total cholesterol (-1.15 [-2.01, -0.27], P = .010, BF10 = 5.20), and LDL cholesterol (-1.12 [-2.01, -0.21], P = .016, BF10 = 4.56) in the VLCHF group. Body weight (kg) and fat mass (%) decreased in the VLCHF group by 5.4% and 14.9%, respectively. We found that in healthy young individuals, consuming a VLCHF diet while performing regular exercise over a 12-week period produced favorable changes in body weight and fat mass along with beneficial changes in serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations. These data support the use of a VLCHF diet strategy for the primary prevention of chronic diseases associated with systemic low-grade inflammation.

• MeSH
• adiponektin krev   MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• cholesterol krev   MeSH
• cvičení * MeSH
• dieta s omezením sacharidů * MeSH
• dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• leptin krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• tělesná hmotnost MeSH
• tuková tkáň MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky kontrolované MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Peripheral insulin resistance is associated with decreasing adiponectin and increasing leptin plasma levels, and also with cognitive decline. The effects of adipokines on brain function have been published from both animal and human studies. In particular, the influence of leptin and adiponectin on the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been extensively investigated. However, the association between adipsin and AD is as yet unknown. In 37 patients with AD and 65 controls that followed the same study protocol, we tested whether adiponectin, leptin, and adipsin could be used as biomarkers in the early stages of AD. In contrast with conclusions of cognition studies in insulin resistant states, our study found a correlation of impaired neuropsychological performance with increasing adiponectin and decreasing leptin in AD patients. Nevertheless, no significant differences between patients and controls were found. AD women had significantly increased adipsin compared to controls, and there was a positive correlation of adipsin with age and disease duration. Although adipokines do not appear to be suitable biomarkers for early AD diagnosis, they certainly play a role in the pathogenesis of AD. Further studies will be needed to explain the cause of the adipokine "breaking point" that leads to the pathogenesis of overt AD.

• MeSH
• adiponektin krev   MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc krev   patologie   MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• komplement - faktor D analýza   MeSH
• leptin krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• studie případů a kontrol MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Our study aim was to assess how the macronutrient intake during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) modulates plasma total free fatty acids (FFAs) levels and individual fatty acids in critically ill patients. METHOD: Adult patients aged 18-80, admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), who were indicated for TPN, with an expected duration of more than three days, were included in the study. Isoenergetic and isonitrogenous TPN solutions were given with a major non-protein energy source, which was glucose (group G) or glucose and lipid emulsions (Smof lipid; group L). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 14, and 28. RESULTS: A significant decrease (p < 0.001) in total FFAs occurred in both groups with a bigger decrease in group G (p < 0.001) from day 0 (0.41 ± 0.19 mmol∙L-1) to day 28 (0.10 ± 0.07 mmol∙L-1). Increased palmitooleic acid and decreased linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids, with a trend of increased mead acid to arachidonic acid ratio, on day 28 were observed in group G in comparison with group L. Group G had an insignificant increase in leptin with no differences in the concentrations of vitamin E, triacylglycerides, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. CONCLUSION: Decreased plasma FFA in critically ill patients who receive TPN may result from increased insulin sensitivity with a better effect in group G, owing to higher insulin and glucose dosing and no lipid emulsions. It is advisable to include a lipid emulsion at the latest from three weeks of TPN to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency.

• MeSH
• alfa-tokoferol krev   MeSH
• emulze aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• esenciální mastné kyseliny krev   nedostatek   MeSH
• glukosa aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• inzulinová rezistence fyziologie   MeSH
• jednotky intenzivní péče MeSH
• kritický stav terapie   MeSH
• kyseliny mastné neesterifikované krev   MeSH
• leptin krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidy aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• parenterální výživa úplná metody   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH

In our study, we focused on possible effects of supplementation with glucan and vitamin D on total numbers of NK cells in patients with diabetic retinopathy. We evaluated possible relations among nutritional state (BMI), leptin levels, and total numbers of NK cells in patients supplemented with (1) glucan and vitamin D, (2) vitamin D and placebo, and (3) vitamin D alone. Our results show that 3 months of supplementation with both glucan and vitamin D resulted in significant improvements of NK cell numbers. In addition, we found statistically significant correlation between NK cell numbers and leptin levels. Based on these results, we propose that the molecule responsible for these changes is glucan, as vitamin D alone or together with placebo caused no effects.

• MeSH
• beta-glukany aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• buňky NK cytologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu farmakoterapie   MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie farmakoterapie   MeSH
• imunomodulace MeSH
• leptin krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• počet lymfocytů MeSH
• potravní doplňky * MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vitamin D aplikace a dávkování   krev   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: It is commonly assumed that increased dietary fat and/or caloric excess induces chronic inflammatory processes, since the association between obesity and chronic adipose tissue with systemic inflammation has been shown previously. As far as we know, the reported health benefits of a VLCHF or ketogenic diet have not adequately involved an evaluation of biomarkers of inflammation. AIM: This study investigated the effects of a four-week very low-carbohydrate high-fat (VLCHF) diet in healthy young individuals on biomarkers of inflammation. METHODS: Eighteen moderately trained males (age 23.8 ± 2.1 years) were assigned to two groups. One group switched to a non-standardised VLCHF diet for four weeks, while the second group remained consuming their normal habitual diet (HD). Biomarkers of inflammation (adiponectin, leptin, resistin and interleukin-6) and substrate metabolism (fasting glucose and triacylglyceride concentrations) were analysed from blood at baseline and after four weeks. RESULTS: There was moderate evidence for substantial changes in leptin serum concentrations in the VLCHF group, with small to large decreases compared to the HD group after four weeks (effect size = 0.78, 95% CI 0.42, 0.93, p = 0.008; Bayes Factor10 = 5.70). No substantial between-group change differences over time were found across any other biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: A four-week period of consuming a VLCHF diet in healthy young men was not associated with any considerable changes in markers of inflammation but showed evidence for lowered serum leptin concentrations relative to the HD group.

• MeSH
• adiponektin krev   MeSH
• biologické markery krev   MeSH
• dieta s omezením sacharidů metody   MeSH
• dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků metody   MeSH
• dietní tuky MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• interleukin-6 krev   MeSH
• ketogenní dieta metody   MeSH
• krevní glukóza analýza   MeSH
• leptin krev   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• resistin krev   MeSH
• triglyceridy krev   MeSH
• zánět krev   dietoterapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Chronic kidney disease adversely affects the structure and metabolism of bone tissue, which may be a result of disturbed biochemical processes in adipose tissue. Renal replacement therapy is a life-saving therapy but it does not restore all metabolic functions and sometimes even escalates some disturbances. The study included 126 subjects: 47 hemodialysis patients (HD), 56 patients after renal transplantation (Tx) and 23 healthy controls (K). Bone density at the femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS), as well as body composition (adipose tissue content and lean body mass) were measured in each patient using the DXA method. In addition, serum concentrations of glucose, calcium, phosphorus, parathormone, FGF23, Klotho, osteocalcin, leptin, adiponectin and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 were measured. We observed significantly higher concentrations of leptin, FGF23 and Klotho proteins in the HD patients (77.2±48.1 ng/ml, 54.7±12.4 pg/ml, 420.6±303.8 ng/ml, respectively) and the Tx group (33.2±26.5 ng/ml; 179.8±383.9 pg/ml; 585.4±565.7, respectively) compared to the control group (24.4±24.6 ng/ml, 43.3±37.3 pg/ml, 280.5±376.0 ng/ml). Significantly lower bone density at FN was observed in the HD and Tx patients in comparison to the controls and in the HD patients compared to the Tx group. There were no significant differences in body mass composition between the studied groups. The results of this study indicate that both hemodialysis and transplantation are associated with increased serum concentrations of leptin, FGF23 and Klotho proteins, as well as lower bone density at femoral neck.

• MeSH
• bederní obratle diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• chronická renální insuficience krev   diagnostické zobrazování   terapie   MeSH
• dialýza ledvin škodlivé účinky   trendy   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fibroblastové růstové faktory krev   MeSH
• glukuronidasa krev   MeSH
• kostní denzita fyziologie   MeSH
• krček femuru diagnostické zobrazování   metabolismus   MeSH
• leptin krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• remodelace kosti fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• transplantace ledvin škodlivé účinky   trendy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The objective of this article is to evaluate the potential effects of beta-glucan and vitamin D supplementation in patients with diabetic retinopathy. We evaluated the levels of several parameters of inflammatory reactions (C-reactive protein [CRP], serum amyloid A [SAA], and interleukin- [IL-] 6), leptin, and vitamin D. Using a 3-month interval, we divided the patients into three groups: (1) supplemented with beta-glucan and vitamin D, (2) supplemented with vitamin D and placebo, and (3) supplemented with vitamin D alone. By this division, we aim not only to observe whether beta-glucan can increase the effects of vitamin D, but also to eliminate the potential effects of placebo. The doses of vitamin D corresponded to phototype, weight, age, and sex of the individual. Fifty-two diabetic retinopathy patients were selected for our study. We found significant vitamin D deficits in all cases, even after three months of supplementation with vitamin D. Significant changes in levels of CRP were observed in the beta-glucan-supplemented group; levels of SAA and IL-6 were not changed. Leptin levels were significantly lowered in the beta-glucan-supplemented group and increased in the other groups. More detailed studies and/or longer supplementation is necessary.

• MeSH
• beta-glukany aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• C-reaktivní protein analýza   MeSH
• diabetická retinopatie komplikace   farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• index tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• interleukin-6 krev   MeSH
• leptin krev   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nedostatek vitaminu D komplikace   farmakoterapie   MeSH
• placebo MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• sérový amyloid A analýza   MeSH
• vitamin D aplikace a dávkování   krev   MeSH
• zánět farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky kontrolované MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Úvod: Meningeomy jsou nejčastějšími nezhoubnými nádory nitrolební dutiny a tvoří přibližně 30 % všech nitrolebních nádorů. Velká většina z nich je skutečně nezhoubných, avšak určitá podmnožina těchto nádorů se projevuje vyšším výskytem recidivy a nepříznivou mírou morbidity a mortality. Leptin, produkt obézního (ob) genu, je polypeptid o hmotnosti 16 kDA, který se nachází na lidském chromozomu 7. Hraje zásadní roli při regulaci tělesné hmotnosti řízením příjmu potravy, energetického metabolismu a neuroendokrinní funkce. Cíl: Hledání možného vztahu mezi leptinem a tvorbou intrakraniálního meningeomu. Byla použita prospektivní kontrolovaná klinická studie. Soubor a metody: Do studie bylo zařazeno 20 pacientů s meningeomem stupně I a 12pacientů s meningeomem stupně II podle klasifikace nádorů CNS dle WHO. Byly stanoveny hodnoty glykemie nalačno, inzulinu v krvi a leptinu v krvi. Imunohistochemicky bylo stanoveno skóre barvení leptinu z parafinových bloků pacientů s meningeomem. Také byly zaznamenány hodnoty body mass indexu a antidiabetická léčba. Výsledky: Nebyl zjištěn žádný statisticky významný vztah mezi skupinou s meningeomem stupně I a skupinou s meningeomem stupně II ve všech zkoumaných parametrech (body mass index, glykemie, hladina leptinu v krvi, skóre zbarvení leptinu). Užívání antidiabetik bylo mezi skupinami homogenní. Závěr: Tato studie neposkytla důkazy o možné souvislosti mezi leptinem a tvorbou intrakraniálního meningeomu. Pro potvrzení takového vztahu je však nutný výzkum s větším rozsahem skupin pacientů, včetně meningeomů stupně III.

Introduction: Meningiomas are the most frequent benign tumours of the intracranial cavity accounting for around 30% of all intracranial tumours. The majority of meningiomas are actually benign while a certain subset demonstrate a higher incidence of recurrence and unfavourable morbidity and mortality rates. Leptin, the product of the obese (ob) gene, is a 16-kDA polypeptide which is located on human chromosome 7. It plays a crucial role in the regulation of body weight by controlling food intake, energy metabolism and neuroendocrine function. Aim: To search for a possible relationship between leptin and intracranial meningioma formation. A prospective control clinical study was used. Patients and methods: According to WHO classification of CNS tumours, 20 patients with grade I and 12 patients harbouring grade II meningiomas were included in the study. Fasting blood glucose, blood insulin and leptin levels were determined. Leptin staining scores were evaluated immunohistochemically from the parafin blocks of the meningioma patients. Body mass index values and antidiabetic drug treatment were also noted. Results: No statistically significant relationship was noted between the grade I and grade II meningioma groups in all the parameters searched (body mass index, blood glucose levels, blood leptin levels, leptin staining score). The use of antidiabetic drug treatment was homogenous between the groups. Conclusion: The present study did not provide any evidence about a possible association between leptin and intracranial meningioma formation. However, research with a larger volume of patient groups, including grade III meningiomas is needed in order to substantiate such a relationship.

• MeSH
• leptin * analýza   krev   MeSH
• leptinové receptory MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• meningeom * etiologie   MeSH
• prospektivní studie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH