The immune synapse (IS) is a temporary interface between an antigen-presenting cell and an effector lymphocyte. Viral synapse is a molecularly organized cellular junction that is structurally similar to the IS. Primary cilium is considered as a functional homologue of the IS due to the morphological and functional similarities in architecture between both micotubule structures. It has been hypothesized that endogenous electromagnetic field in the cell is generated by a unique cooperating system between mitochondria and microtubules. We are extending this prior hypothesis of the endogenous electromagnetic field in the cell postulating that polarized centriole in immune and viral synapse could serve as a monopole antenna. This is an addition to our hypothesis that primary cilium could serve as a monopole antenna. We simulated the distribution of electric field of centriole of polarized centrosome as a monopole antenna in immune and viral synapse. Very weak electromagnetic field of polarized centriole of CD8+ T lymphocyte in IS can contribute to the transport of cytolytic granules into the attacked (cancer) cell. Analogically, very weak electromagnetic field of polarized centriole in viral synapse of infected CD4 cells can aid the transport of viruses (human immunodeficiency virus) to non-infected CD4 cells. We hypothesized that healthy organisms need these monopole antennas. If, during the neoplastic transformation, healthy cells lose monopole antennas in form of primary cilia, the IS aims to replace them by monopole antennas of polarized centrioles in IS to restore homeostasis.

• MeSH
• CD8-pozitivní T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• centrioly genetika   MeSH
• centrozom imunologie   MeSH
• elektromagnetická pole MeSH
• imunitní systém * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mikrotubuly genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• nádory genetika   imunologie   patologie   MeSH
• polarita buněk genetika   imunologie   MeSH
• synapse genetika   virologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Recent research has produced an explosion of experimental data on the complex neurobiological mechanisms of developmental disorders including autism. Animal models are one approach to studying the phenotypic features and molecular basis of autism. In this review, we describe progress in understanding synaptogenesis and alterations to this process with special emphasis on the cell adhesion molecules and scaffolding proteins implicated in autism. Genetic mouse model experiments are discussed in relation to alterations to selected synaptic proteins and consequent behavioral deficits measured in animal experiments. METHODS: Pubmed databases were used to search for original and review articles on animal and human clinical studies on autism. RESULTS: The cell adhesion molecules, neurexin, neurolignin and the Shank family of proteins are important molecular targets associated with autism. CONCLUSION: The heterogeneity of the autism spectrum of disorders limits interpretation of information acquired from any single animal model or animal test. We showed synapse-specific/ model-specific defects associated with a given genotype in these models. Characterization of mouse models with genetic variations may help study the mechanisms of autism in humans. However, it will be necessary to apply new analytic paradigms in using genetically modified mice for understanding autism etiology in humans. Further studies are needed to create animal models with mutations that match the molecular and neural bases of autism.

• MeSH
• autistická porucha etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech * MeSH
• molekuly buněčné adheze genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• myši MeSH
• proteiny nervové tkáně genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• synapse genetika   fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• myši MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• bolest etiologie   genetika   MeSH
• centrální nervový systém patofyziologie   MeSH
• chemokiny genetika   MeSH
• cytokiny genetika   MeSH
• genetické asociační studie metody   trendy   využití   MeSH
• genetický výzkum * MeSH
• hypohidróza etiologie   genetika   MeSH
• kongenitální analgezie * etiologie   genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• migréna s aurou * etiologie   genetika   MeSH
• multifaktoriální dědičnost fyziologie   genetika   MeSH
• neurony fyziologie   MeSH
• polymorfismus genetický fyziologie   genetika   MeSH
• receptory N-methyl-D-aspartátu genetika   MeSH
• synapse fyziologie   genetika   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH