Social withdrawal and deficits in social cognition are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While early deficits in social behavior and memory have been documented in mouse AD models, they remain understudied in rat models. Early-stage AD is accompanied by dysfunction of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons, implicating their potential connection to early symptoms. In this study, we employed a 5-trial social memory task to investigate early deficits in social cognition in 6-month-old TgF344-AD male and female rats. We counted the number of PV+ interneurons and recorded local field potentials during social interactions in the hippocampal CA2 - a region critical for social information processing. Our results show decreased social interest and novelty preference in TgF344-AD male and female rats. However, reduced PV+ interneuron numbers were observed only in female rats and specific to the CA2 area. The electrophysiological recordings revealed reduced theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling in the CA2 during direct social interactions. We conclude that deficits in social cognition accompany early-stage AD in TgF344-AD rats and are potentially linked to PV+ interneuron and brain oscillatory dysfunction in the CA2 region of the hippocampus.
- Klíčová slova
- Alzheimer's disease, CA2, Hippocampus, Parvalbumin-positive interneurons, Social memory, TgF344-AD,
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * patofyziologie patologie metabolismus MeSH
- hipokampální oblast CA2 * patofyziologie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- interneurony * metabolismus patologie MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- parvalbuminy * metabolismus MeSH
- pohlavní dimorfismus MeSH
- potkani inbrední F344 MeSH
- potkani transgenní MeSH
- sociální chování * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- parvalbuminy * MeSH
To investigate the impact of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on the cognitive function of mice with Alzheimer's disease (AD), while also identifying the cellular pathways associated with autophagy involved in the treatment. Twenty-four APP/PSl double transgenic mice were randomly assigned to either Group A or Group B, while another 24 C57 mice were randomly allocated to Group C or Group D. HBOT was administered to mice in Group B and Group D, and the Morris water maze test was used to assess changes in mice behavior. Histological examination using hematoxylin and eosin staining was conducted to observe pathological alterations in the hippocampus of the mice brain tissue. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to analyze autophagy-related gene pathways in the hippocampus of the mice. Following HBOT, mice in Group B exhibited a significant reduction in escape latency and a notable increase in residence time within the target quadrant compared with Group A (P<0.05), as well as Group C and Group D (P<0.01). The hippocampal neurons in Group A and Group B mice exhibited disorganized arrangements, characterized by pyknosis and margination. Conversely, neurons in Group C displayed orderly arrangements, retaining intact structures with round nuclei demonstrating clear nuclear staining and normal morphology. The cellular morphology of mice in Group D remained unaffected. PCR analysis revealed no notable disparity in autophagy-related gene expression between Group A and Group C. However, the expression levels of five genes including Tgfb1, Mapk14, Bid, Atg7, and Akt1, were significantly elevated in Group B compared to Group A. HBOT has the potential to improve the cognitive function in mice modeled with AD. This improvement of cognitive function appears to be mediated by the up-regulation of autophagy-related genes, specifically Tgfb1, Mapk14, Bid, Atg7, and Akt1. These results indicate that HBOT may offer a therapeutic strategy for treating AD by enhancing autophagy mechanisms. Key words Alzheimer's disease, Autophagy, Hyperbaric oxygen, Morris water maze, PCR.
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * terapie metabolismus genetika psychologie MeSH
- autofagie * fyziologie MeSH
- hipokampus metabolismus patologie MeSH
- hyperbarická oxygenace * MeSH
- kognice * fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL * MeSH
- myši transgenní * MeSH
- myši MeSH
- signální transdukce * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Berberine (BBR), a small molecule protoberberine isoquinoline alkaloid, is easy to cross the blood-brain barrier and is a potential drug for neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we explored the role and molecular mechanism of BBR in Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to determine AD pathology-associated gene modules and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were also identified. GO and KEGG analyses were performed for gene function and signaling pathway annotation. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay was applied to analyze cell viability. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining assay was conducted to measure the levels of polarization markers. The production of inflammatory cytokines was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were detected using a ROS detection kit and a MMP Detection Kit (JC-1), respectively. AD pathology-associated DEGs were applied for GO function annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis, and the results uncovered that AD pathology was related to immune and inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure induced the M1 phenotype of microglia, and BBR suppressed LPS-induced M1 polarization and induced microglia toward M2 polarization. Through co-culture of microglia and neuronal cells, we found that BBR exerted a neuro-protective role by attenuating the injury of LPS-induced HMC3 on SH-SY5Y cells. Mechanically, BBR switched the M1/M2 phenotypes of microglia by activating PI3K-AKT signaling. In summary, BBR protected neuronal cells from activated microglia-mediated neuro-inflammation by switching the M1/M2 polarization in LPS-induced microglia via activating PI3K-AKT signaling. Key words Alzheimer's Disease, Berberine, Microglia polarization, Neuroinflammation, PI3K-AKT signaling.
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * metabolismus farmakoterapie patologie MeSH
- berberin * farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- fosfatidylinositol-3-kinasy * metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mikroglie * účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- myši MeSH
- neuroprotektivní látky * farmakologie MeSH
- polarita buněk účinky léků MeSH
- protoonkogenní proteiny c-akt * metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce * účinky léků MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- berberin * MeSH
- fosfatidylinositol-3-kinasy * MeSH
- neuroprotektivní látky * MeSH
- protoonkogenní proteiny c-akt * MeSH
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a leading cause of dementia worldwide, is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid-beta plaques, tauopathy, neuronal loss, neuro-inflammation, brain atrophy, and cognitive deficits. AD manifests as familial early-onset (FAD) with specific gene mutations or sporadic late-onset (LOAD) caused by various genetic and environmental factors. Numerous transgenic rodent models have been developed to understand AD pathology development and progression. The TgF344-AD rat model is a double transgenic model that carries two human gene mutations: APP with the Swedish mutation and PSEN-1 with delta exon 9 mutations. This model exhibits a complete repertoire of AD pathology in an age-dependent manner. This review summarizes multidisciplinary research insights gained from studying TgF344-AD rats in the context of AD pathology. We explore neuropathological findings; electrophysiological assessments revealing disrupted synaptic transmission, reduced spatial coding, network-level dysfunctions, and altered sleep architecture; behavioral studies highlighting impaired spatial memory; alterations in excitatory-inhibitory systems; and molecular and physiological changes in TgF344-AD rats emphasizing their age-related effects. Additionally, the impact of various interventions studied in the model is compiled, underscoring their role in bridging gaps in understanding AD pathogenesis. The TgF344-AD rat model offers significant potential in identifying biomarkers for early detection and therapeutic interventions, providing a robust platform for advancing translational AD research. Key words Alzheimer's disease, Transgenic AD models, TgF344-AD rats, Spatial coding.
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * genetika patologie metabolismus MeSH
- amyloidový prekurzorový protein beta genetika metabolismus MeSH
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech * MeSH
- mozek patologie metabolismus MeSH
- potkani inbrední F344 MeSH
- potkani transgenní * MeSH
- presenilin-1 genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu Rattus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- amyloidový prekurzorový protein beta MeSH
- presenilin-1 MeSH
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, AD typically begins with mild cognitive decline escalating to severe impairment in communication and responsiveness. It primarily affects cerebral regions responsible for cognition, memory, and language processing, significantly impeding the functional independence of patients. With nearly 50 million dementia cases worldwide, a number expected to triple by 2050, the need for effective treatments is more urgent than ever. Recent insights into the association between obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and neurodegenerative disorders have led to the development of promising treatments involving antidiabetic and anti-obesity agents. One such novel promising candidate for addressing AD pathology is a lipidized analogue of anorexigenic peptide called prolactin-releasing peptide (palm11-PrRP31). Interestingly, anorexigenic and orexigenic peptides have opposite effects on food intake regulation, however, both types exhibit neuroprotective properties. Recent studies have also identified ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide, as a potential neuroprotective agent. Hence, we employed both anorexigenic and orexigenic compounds to investigate the common mechanisms underpinning their neuroprotective effects in a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD mouse model) combining amyloid-beta (Aβ) pathology and Tau pathology, two hallmarks of AD. We treated 3xTg-AD mice for 4 months with two stable lipidized anorexigenic peptide analogues - palm11-PrRP31, and liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogue - as well as Dpr3-ghrelin, a stable analogue of the orexigenic peptide ghrelin, and using the method of immunohistochemistry and western blot demonstrate the effects of these compounds on the development of AD-like pathology in the brain. Palm11-PrRP31, Dpr3-ghrelin, and liraglutide reduced intraneuronal deposits of Aβ plaque load in the hippocampi and amygdalae of 3xTg-AD mice. Palm11-PrRP31 and Dpr3-ghrelin reduced microgliosis in the hippocampi, amygdalae, and cortices of 3xTg-AD mice. Palm11-PrRP31 and liraglutide reduced astrocytosis in the amygdalae of 3xTg-AD mice. We propose that these peptides are involved in reducing inflammation, a common mechanism underlying their therapeutic effects. This is the first study to demonstrate improvements in AD pathology following the administration of both orexigenic and anorexigenic compounds, highlighting the therapeutic potential of food intake-regulating peptides in neurodegenerative disorders.
- Klíčová slova
- 3xTg-AD mice, Alzheimer’s disease, Anorexigenic peptide analogues, Neuroinflammation, Orexigenic peptide analogues,
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * farmakoterapie metabolismus patologie MeSH
- amyloidní beta-protein metabolismus MeSH
- amyloidový prekurzorový protein beta genetika metabolismus MeSH
- ghrelin farmakologie analogy a deriváty terapeutické užití metabolismus MeSH
- hormon uvolňující prolaktin * analogy a deriváty farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- liraglutid farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech * MeSH
- myši inbrední C57BL MeSH
- myši transgenní * MeSH
- myši MeSH
- neuroprotektivní látky farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- neurozánětlivé nemoci farmakoterapie metabolismus MeSH
- presenilin-1 genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- amyloidní beta-protein MeSH
- amyloidový prekurzorový protein beta MeSH
- ghrelin MeSH
- hormon uvolňující prolaktin * MeSH
- liraglutid MeSH
- neuroprotektivní látky MeSH
- presenilin-1 MeSH
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Given that cholinergic neurons are predominantly affected in AD, current treatments primarily aim to enhance cholinergic neurotransmission. However, imbalances in other neurotransmitters, such as γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), also contribute to AD symptomatology. In the presented research, using a combination of crystallography and computational methods we developed compound 6 as a dual modulator of GABAergic and cholinergic neurotransmission systems. Compound 6 demonstrated inhibition of BuChE (IC50=0.21 μM) and GABA transporter 1 (IC50=10.96 μM) and 3 (IC50=7.76 μM), along with a favorable drug-likeness profile. Subsequent in vivo studies revealed the effectiveness of 6 in enhancing memory retention and alleviating anxiety and depression symptoms in animal models, while also proving safe and bioavailable for oral administration. The innovative multi-target-directed ligand 6 offers a new approach to treating cognitive deficits and BPSD in AD.
- Klíčová slova
- Alzheimer's disease, GABA transporters, butyrylcholinesterase, inhibitors, multitarget drugs,
- MeSH
- acetylcholinesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * farmakoterapie metabolismus MeSH
- butyrylcholinesterasa metabolismus MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory * chemie farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- fluoreny * chemie farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- GABA * metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- molekulární struktura MeSH
- myši MeSH
- nervový přenos * účinky léků MeSH
- proteiny přenášející GABA přes plazmatickou membránu metabolismus MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- acetylcholinesterasa MeSH
- butyrylcholinesterasa MeSH
- cholinesterasové inhibitory * MeSH
- fluoreny * MeSH
- GABA * MeSH
- proteiny přenášející GABA přes plazmatickou membránu MeSH
INTRODUCTION: Studies have correlated living close to major roads with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. However, the mechanisms responsible for this link remain unclear. METHODS: We exposed olfactory mucosa (OM) cells of healthy individuals and AD patients to diesel emissions (DE). Cytotoxicity of exposure was assessed, mRNA, miRNA expression, and DNA methylation analyses were performed. The discovered altered pathways were validated using data from the human population-based Rotterdam Study. RESULTS: DE exposure resulted in an almost four-fold higher response in AD OM cells, indicating increased susceptibility to DE effects. Methylation analysis detected different DNA methylation patterns, revealing new exposure targets. Findings were validated by analyzing data from the Rotterdam Study cohort and demonstrated a key role of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 signaling in responses to air pollutants. DISCUSSION: This study identifies air pollution exposure biomarkers and pinpoints key pathways activated by exposure. The data suggest that AD individuals may face heightened risks due to impaired cellular defenses. HIGHLIGHTS: Healthy and AD olfactory cells respond differently to DE exposure. AD cells are highly susceptible to DE exposure. The NRF2 oxidative stress response is highly activated upon air pollution exposure. DE-exposed AD cells activate the unfolded protein response pathway. Key findings are also confirmed in a population-based study.
- Klíčová slova
- Alzheimer's disease (AD), air pollution, air–liquid interface (ALI), heat shock protein (HSP), next‐generation sequencing (NGS), nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (NRF2), traffic emissions, traffic‐related air pollution (TRAP) olfactory mucosa (OM),
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- čichová sliznice metabolismus MeSH
- epigenomika MeSH
- faktor 2 související s NF-E2 genetika metabolismus MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metylace DNA * MeSH
- mikro RNA metabolismus genetika MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- stanovení celkové genové exprese MeSH
- transkriptom MeSH
- výfukové emise vozidel * toxicita MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- faktor 2 související s NF-E2 MeSH
- látky znečišťující vzduch MeSH
- mikro RNA MeSH
- NFE2L2 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
- výfukové emise vozidel * MeSH
Amyloid β42 (Aβ42) plays a decisive role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. The Aβ42 peptide can aggregate into various supramolecular structures, with oligomers being the most toxic form. However, different Aβ species that cause different effects have been described. Many cell death pathways can be activated in connection with Aβ action, including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, oxidative stress, ferroptosis, alterations in mitophagy, autophagy, and endo/lysosomal functions. In this study, we used a model of differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and applied two different Aβ42 preparations for 2 and 4 days. Although we found no difference in the shape and size of Aβ species prepared by two different methods (NaOH or NH4OH for Aβ solubilization), we observed strong differences in their effects. Treatment of cells with NaOH-Aβ42 mainly resulted in damage of mitochondrial function and increased production of reactive oxygen species, whereas application of NH4OH-Aβ42 induced necroptosis and first steps of apoptosis, but also caused an increase in protective Hsp27. Moreover, the two Aβ42 preparations differed in the mechanism of interaction with the cells, with the effect of NaOH-Aβ42 being dependent on monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) content, whereas the effect of NH4OH-Aβ42 was independent of GM1. This suggests that, although both preparations were similar in size, minor differences in secondary/tertiary structure are likely to strongly influence the resulting processes. Our work reveals, at least in part, one of the possible causes of the inconsistency in the data observed in different studies on Aβ-toxicity pathways.
- Klíčová slova
- Alzheimer´s disease, Amyloid β42, Apoptosis, Cell death, GM1, Necroptosis, Reactive oxygen species,
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc metabolismus patologie MeSH
- amyloidní beta-protein * metabolismus farmakologie MeSH
- apoptóza * účinky léků MeSH
- buněčná smrt účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mitochondrie metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- nádorové buněčné linie MeSH
- nekroptóza účinky léků MeSH
- neuroblastom * patologie metabolismus MeSH
- oxidační stres účinky léků MeSH
- peptidové fragmenty * farmakologie MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku * metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- amyloid beta-protein (1-42) MeSH Prohlížeč
- amyloidní beta-protein * MeSH
- peptidové fragmenty * MeSH
- reaktivní formy kyslíku * MeSH
Truncating genetic variants of SORL1, encoding the endosome recycling receptor SORLA, have been accepted as causal of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, most genetic variants observed in SORL1 are missense variants, for which it is complicated to determine the pathogenicity level because carriers come from pedigrees too small to be informative for penetrance estimations. Here, we describe three unrelated families in which the SORL1 coding missense variant rs772677709, that leads to a p.Y1816C substitution, segregates with Alzheimer's disease. Further, we investigate the effect of SORLA p.Y1816C on receptor maturation, cellular localization, and trafficking in cell-based assays. Under physiological circumstances, SORLA dimerizes within the endosome, allowing retromer-dependent trafficking from the endosome to the cell surface, where the luminal part is shed into the extracellular space (sSORLA). Our results showed that the p.Y1816C mutant impairs SORLA homodimerization in the endosome, leading to decreased trafficking to the cell surface and less sSORLA shedding. These trafficking defects of the mutant receptor can be rescued by the expression of the SORLA 3Fn-minireceptor. Finally, we find that iPSC-derived neurons with the engineered p.Y1816C mutation have enlarged endosomes, a defining cytopathology of AD. Our studies provide genetic as well as functional evidence that the SORL1 p.Y1816C variant is causal for AD. The partial penetrance of the mutation suggests this mutation should be considered in clinical genetic screening of multiplex early-onset AD families.
- Klíčová slova
- 3Fn-domain, SORL1-associated Alzheimer’s disease, SORLA, dimerization, retromer,
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * genetika metabolismus patologie MeSH
- endozomy * metabolismus MeSH
- HEK293 buňky MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- membránové transportní proteiny * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- missense mutace MeSH
- multimerizace proteinu MeSH
- proteiny související s LDL-receptory * genetika metabolismus MeSH
- rodokmen * MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- transport proteinů MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- membránové transportní proteiny * MeSH
- proteiny související s LDL-receptory * MeSH
- SORL1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
The amyloid cascade hypothesis postulates that extracellular deposits of amyloid β (Aβ) are the primary and initial cause leading to the full development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with intracellular neurofibrillary tangles; however, the details of this mechanism have not been fully described until now. Our preliminary data, coming from our day-to-day neuropathology practice, show that the primary location of the hyperphosphorylated tau protein is in the vicinity of the cell membrane of dystrophic neurites. This observation inspired us to formulate a hypothesis that presumes an interaction between low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) and fibrillar aggregates of, particularly, Aβ42 anchored at the periphery of neuritic plaques, making internalization of the LRP1-Aβ42 complex infeasible and, thus, causing membrane dysfunction, leading to the tauopathy characterized by intracellular accumulation and hyperphosphorylation of the tau protein. Understanding AD as a membrane dysfunction tauopathy may draw attention to new treatment approaches not only targeting Aβ42 production but also, perhaps paradoxically, preventing the formation of LRP1-Aβ42.
- Klíčová slova
- Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid β, membrane dysfunction, tauopathy,
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc * metabolismus patologie etiologie MeSH
- amyloidní beta-protein * metabolismus MeSH
- buněčná membrána metabolismus MeSH
- fosforylace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- peptidové fragmenty metabolismus MeSH
- protein 1 související s LDL-receptory * metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny tau * metabolismus MeSH
- tauopatie * metabolismus patologie etiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Názvy látek
- amyloidní beta-protein * MeSH
- LRP1 protein, human MeSH Prohlížeč
- peptidové fragmenty MeSH
- protein 1 související s LDL-receptory * MeSH
- proteiny tau * MeSH
