This manuscript presents an innovative control strategy for the Hybrid Excitation Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (HEPMSM) designed for electric vehicle (EV) applications. The strategy combines Maximum Torque Point Tracking (MTPT) and Maximum Torque Per Ampere (MTPA) techniques to track the ideal torque-speed profile, ensuring maximum torque at low speeds for starting and climbing, and high power at higher speeds for cruising. A novel unidirectional excitation current method is proposed to replace traditional bidirectional field current control, eliminating the risk of permanent magnet demagnetization, reducing copper losses, and increasing efficiency. This approach extends the constant power (CP) region by a 4.2:1 ratio. The manuscript also introduces a detailed mathematical model, considering both iron core losses and their impact on the EV profile. Additionally, the Multi-Objective Ant Lion Optimizer (MOALO) algorithm is used in two stages: first to optimize the hybridization ratio (HR) and base speed (Nb), and second to analyze the effect of varying the hybridization ratio while maintaining constrained output power. The proposed strategy is validated through MATLAB simulations, demonstrating its effectiveness in achieving high acceleration, efficiency, and reliability for EV applications.
- Klíčová slova
- Ant lion optimization algorithm, Electric vehicle, Hybrid excitation permanent magnet synchronous motor, Hybridization ratio,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Novel Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) based diagnostic techniques are promising non-invasive procedures for early stage disease detection which are gaining importance in the medical field. EVs are cell derived particles found in body liquids, especially blood, from which they are isolated for further analysis. However, techniques for their isolation are not fully standardized and require further improvement. Herein modification of polypropylene (PP) tubes by cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet (APPJ) is suggested to minimize the EVs to surface binding and thus increase EVs isolation yields. The influence of gaseous plasma treatment on surface morphology was studied by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), changes in surface wettability by measuring the Water Contact Angle (WCA), while surface chemical changes were analyzed by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Moreover, PP tubes from different manufacturers were compared. The final isolation yields of EVs were evaluated by flow cytometry. The results of this study suggest that gaseous plasma treatment is an intriguing technique to uniformly alter surface properties of PP tubes and improve EVs isolation yields up to 42%.
- Klíčová slova
- atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), nanostructures, polypropylene (PP),
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cytosol-containing membrane spheres providing a chassis for the removal and delivery of cargoes in a highly dynamic and cue-responsive manner. EVs play important roles in cell-to-cell communication, including the dialogue between recipient microbial and plant cells. Bacterial EVs are well-studied in the medical field, but their relevance for plant infection is only now being recognized. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of EVs from phytobacteria in modulating plant immunity and the outcome of disease or in symbiosis. In this review, we highlight the composition of EVs and discuss their role in the interaction with plants. Knowledge of EV composition and functions will aid their use in biotechnology and agriculture.
- Klíčová slova
- EV cargoes, EVs, MVs, OMVs, Plant immunity, Plant protection, Plant-pathogen interactions, Symbiosis,
- MeSH
- extracelulární vezikuly * MeSH
- rostliny MeSH
- symbióza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
This report summarizes the ASEV-CzeSEV Joint Meeting on Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), held at the Medical University of Vienna in September 2024. The conference focused on introducing and expanding EV research and infrastructure within the Czech Republic and Austria, highlighting areas for collaboration. Key sessions featured research on EV-based diagnostics, tissue regeneration, interspecies communication and therapeutic applications, with an emphasis on shared resources and cross-border partnerships. The program included oral and poster presentations on EV engineering, new isolation techniques, and potential clinical applications, as well as industry updates on the latest EV technologies. The meeting concluded with awards for outstanding presentations reflecting the quality of work presented. Following the conference, a dedicated workshop was held on flow cytometry analysis of EVs, allowing participants to deepen their technical expertise in EV characterization. This report captures the main discussions, findings, and collaborative opportunities explored at the ASEV-CzeSEV meeting, signaling strong regional support for advancing EV research.
The exponential deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) in the residential sectors in recent years allows better energy utilization in the decentralized and centralized levels of distribution systems due to their bidirectional operation and energy storage capabilities. However, to execute these, it is necessary to adopt residential demand side management (RDSM) to schedule energy utilization effectively to fetch economical and efficient energy consumption and grid stability and reliability, particularly during peak load conditions. The paper aims to formulate a robust and efficient RDSM technique to provide an energy utilization scheduling considering various influential factors and critical roles of EVs in RDSM. A Binary Whale Optimization Algorithm (BWOA) approach is proposed as an efficient algorithm for EV's impact on the RDSM for better energy scheduling. A single-objective formulation is presented with detailed modelling considering economic energy utilization as the primary objective with all possible equality and inequality system operational constraints. Secondly, the impact of EVs on the RDSM is studied from various perspectives in result analysis, considering EVs as load, storage devices, and different bidirectional modes of operation with other vehicles, residential components, and grids. In addition, the EVs role and the mutual influence with the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) and energy storage devices (ESDs) are extensively analyzed to provide better residential energy management (REM) in terms of economic, environmental, robust, and reliable points of view. The load priority based on consumer choice is also incorporated in the formulation. Extensive simulation is done for the proposed approach to show the effect of EVs on REM, and the results are impressive to show the EV's role as a load, as a storage device, and as a mutually supportive device to RES, ESD, and grid.
The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) to facilitate its growth and to communicate with the external microenvironment, primarily targeting the host's immune cells. How parasitic EVs enter specific immune cell types within the highly heterogeneous pool of immune cells remains largely unknown. Using a combination of imaging flow cytometry and advanced fluorescence analysis, we demonstrated that the route of uptake of parasite-derived EVs differs markedly between host T cells and monocytes. T cells, which are components of the adaptive immune system, internalize parasite-derived EVs mainly through an interaction with the plasma membrane, whereas monocytes, which function in the innate immune system, take up these EVs via endocytosis. The membranal/endocytic balance of EV internalization is driven mostly by the amount of endocytic incorporation. Integrating atomic force microscopy with fluorescence data analysis revealed that internalization depends on the biophysical properties of the cell membrane rather than solely on molecular interactions. In support of this, altering the cholesterol content in the cell membrane tilted the balance in favor of one uptake route over another. Our results provide mechanistic insights into how P. falciparum-derived EVs enter into diverse host cells. This study highlights the sophisticated cell-communication tactics used by the malaria parasite.
- Klíčová slova
- EVs, cellular uptake, extracellular vesicles, imaging flow cytometry, malaria, membrane deformability,
- MeSH
- buněčná membrána * metabolismus MeSH
- endocytóza MeSH
- extracelulární vezikuly * metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- monocyty metabolismus imunologie MeSH
- Plasmodium falciparum * metabolismus MeSH
- T-lymfocyty metabolismus imunologie MeSH
- tropická malárie parazitologie imunologie metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
We provide the first ultrastructural evidence of the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) across all parasitic stages of the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus (Müller, 1776) (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea) using a laboratory life cycle model. We confirmed the presence of EV-like bodies in all stages examined, including the hexacanth, procercoids in the copepod, Macrocyclops albidus (Jurine, 1820), plerocercoids from the body cavity of the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus, and adults cultivated in artificial medium. In addition, we provide description of novel tegumental structures potentially involved in EV biogenesis and the presence of unique elongated EVs similar to those previously described only in Fasciola hepatica Linnaeus, 1758 (Trematoda), Hymenolepis diminuta (Rudolphi, 1819) (Cestoda), and Trypanosoma brucei Plimmer et Bradford, 1899 (Kinetoplastida).
- Klíčová slova
- : EVs, Cestoda, ESP, TEM, novel tegumental structures, ultrastructure,
- MeSH
- Cestoda * MeSH
- cestodózy * veterinární MeSH
- Copepoda MeSH
- extracelulární vezikuly * MeSH
- Smegmamorpha MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Vesiculation is a process employed by Gram-negative bacteria to release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the environment. EVs from pathogenic bacteria play functions in host immune modulation, elimination of host defenses, and acquisition of nutrients from the host. Here, we observed EV production of the bacterial speck disease causal agent, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000, as outer membrane vesicle release. Mass spectrometry identified 369 proteins enriched in Pto DC3000 EVs. The EV samples contained known immunomodulatory proteins and could induce plant immune responses mediated by bacterial flagellin. Having identified two biomarkers for EV detection, we provide evidence for Pto DC3000 releasing EVs during plant infection. Bioinformatic analysis of the EV-enriched proteins suggests a role for EVs in antibiotic defense and iron acquisition. Thus, our data provide insights into the strategies this pathogen may use to develop in a plant environment. IMPORTANCE The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the environment is ubiquitous among bacteria. Vesiculation has been recognized as an important mechanism of bacterial pathogenesis and human disease but is poorly understood in phytopathogenic bacteria. Our research addresses the role of bacterial EVs in plant infection. In this work, we show that the causal agent of bacterial speck disease, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, produces EVs during plant infection. Our data suggest that EVs may help the bacteria to adapt to environments, e.g., when iron could be limiting such as the plant apoplast, laying the foundation for studying the factors that phytopathogenic bacteria use to thrive in the plant environment.
- Klíčová slova
- Arabidopsis thaliana, EVs, NTA, PTI, Pto DC3000, extracellular vesicles, nanoparticle tracking analysis, pattern-triggered immunity, proteomics,
- MeSH
- bakteriální proteiny metabolismus MeSH
- extracelulární vezikuly * metabolismus MeSH
- flagelin metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci rostlin mikrobiologie MeSH
- proteomika MeSH
- Pseudomonas syringae genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Solanum lycopersicum * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Názvy látek
- bakteriální proteiny MeSH
- flagelin MeSH
The liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (Poirier, 1886) (Digenea) secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) bearing CD63-like tetraspanins on their surface. Fluke EVs are actively internalised by host cholangiocytes in the bile ducts, where they drive pathology and promote neoplasia through induction of cellular proliferation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. We investigated the effects of tetraspanins of the CD63 superfamily by co-culturing recombinant forms of the large extracellular loop (LEL) of O. viverrini tetraspanin-2 (rLEL-Ov-TSP-2) and tetraspanin-3 (rLEL-Ov-TSP-3) with non-cancerous human bile duct (H69) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA, M213) cell lines. The results showed that cell lines co-cultured with excretory/secretory products from adult O. viverrini (Ov-ES) underwent significantly increased cell proliferation at 48 hours but not 24 hours compared to untreated control cells (P < 0.05), whereas rLEL-Ov-TSP-3 co-culture resulted in significantly increased cell proliferation at both 24 hours (P < 0.05) and 48 hours (P < 0.01) time points. In like fashion, H69 cholangiocytes co-cultured with both Ov-ES and rLEL-Ov-TSP-3 underwent significantly elevated Il-6 and Il-8 gene expression for at least one of the time points assessed. Finally, both rLEL-Ov-TSP-2 and rLEL-Ov-TSP-3 significantly enhanced migration of both M213 and H69 cell lines. These findings indicated that O. viverrini CD63 family tetraspanins can promote a cancerous microenvironment by enhancing innate immune responses and migration of biliary epithelial cells.
- Klíčová slova
- CD63-like tetraspanins, cholangiocarcinoma, extracellular vesicle (EVs), host-parasite interaction,
- MeSH
- buněčné linie MeSH
- cytokiny MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- epitelové buňky MeSH
- Fasciola hepatica * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Opisthorchis * MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- cytokiny MeSH
Escherichia coli A0 34/86 (EcO83) is a probiotic strain used in newborns to prevent nosocomial infections and diarrhoea. This bacterium stimulates both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production and its intranasal administration reduces allergic airway inflammation in mice. Despite its benefits, there are concerns about the use of live probiotic bacteria due to potential systemic infections and gene transfer. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from EcO83 (EcO83-EVs) might offer a safer alternative to live bacteria. This study characterizes EcO83-EVs and investigates their interaction with host cells, highlighting their potential as postbiotic therapeutics. EcO83-EVs were isolated, purified, and characterised following the Minimal Information of Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV) guidelines. Ex vivo studies conducted in human nasal epithelial cells showed that EcO83-EVs increased the expression of proteins linked to oxidative stress and inflammation, indicating an effective interaction between EVs and the host cells. Further in vivo studies in mice demonstrated that EcO83-EVs interact with nasal-associated lymphoid tissue, are internalised by airway macrophages, and stimulate neutrophil recruitment in the lung. Mechanistically, EcO83-EVs activate the NF-κΒ signalling pathway, resulting in the nitric oxide production. EcO83-EVs demonstrate significant potential as a postbiotic alternative to live bacteria, offering a safer option for therapeutic applications. Further research is required to explore their clinical use, particularly in mucosal vaccination and targeted immunotherapy strategies.
- Klíčová slova
- EVs, Ec083, NF‐κΒ signalling, bacterial extracellular vesicles, macrophage, nitric oxide, postbiotics, probiotic,
- MeSH
- aplikace intranazální * MeSH
- epitelové buňky metabolismus MeSH
- Escherichia coli * metabolismus MeSH
- extracelulární vezikuly * metabolismus MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lymfoidní tkáň metabolismus MeSH
- makrofágy metabolismus MeSH
- myši MeSH
- NF-kappa B metabolismus MeSH
- oxidační stres MeSH
- plíce mikrobiologie metabolismus MeSH
- probiotika * aplikace a dávkování MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Názvy látek
- NF-kappa B MeSH
