In 2004 the European Commission and Member States initiated activities towards a harmonized approach for Human Biomonitoring surveys throughout Europe. The main objective was to sustain environmental health policy by building a coherent and sustainable framework and by increasing the comparability of data across countries. A pilot study to test common guidelines for setting up surveys was considered a key step in this process. Through a bottom-up approach that included all stakeholders, a joint study protocol was elaborated. From September 2011 till February 2012, 17 European countries collected data from 1844 mother-child pairs in the frame of DEMOnstration of a study to COordinate and Perform Human Biomonitoring on a European Scale (DEMOCOPHES).(1) Mercury in hair and urinary cadmium and cotinine were selected as biomarkers of exposure covered by sufficient analytical experience. Phthalate metabolites and Bisphenol A in urine were added to take into account increasing public and political awareness for emerging types of contaminants and to test less advanced markers/markers covered by less analytical experience. Extensive efforts towards chemo-analytical comparability were included. The pilot study showed that common approaches can be found in a context of considerable differences with respect to experience and expertize, socio-cultural background, economic situation and national priorities. It also evidenced that comparable Human Biomonitoring results can be obtained in such context. A European network was built, exchanging information, expertize and experiences, and providing training on all aspects of a survey. A key challenge was finding the right balance between a rigid structure allowing maximal comparability and a flexible approach increasing feasibility and capacity building. Next steps in European harmonization in Human Biomonitoring surveys include the establishment of a joint process for prioritization of substances to cover and biomarkers to develop, linking biomonitoring surveys with health examination surveys and with research, and coping with the diverse implementations of EU regulations and international guidelines with respect to ethics and privacy.

BiPRO Germany

Centre de Recherche Public Gabriel Lippmann Luxembourg

Environmental Health Center Romania

Environmental Health Sciences International The Netherlands

Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa Portugal

Federal Environment Agency Germany

Federal Office of Public Health Switzerland

Federal Public Service Health Food chain safety and Environment Belgium

Hainaut Vigilance Sanitaire Belgium

Health Service Executive Ireland

Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Instituto de Salud Carlos 3 Spain

Jožef Stefan Institute Slovenia

Kobenhavns Universitet Denmark

KU Leuven Belgium

Laboratoire National de Santé Luxembourg

Larnaca Hospital Cyprus

National Institute of Environmental Health Hungary

National Institute of Public Health Czech Republic

Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine Poland

Public Health England United Kingdom

Ruhr Universität Bochum Germany

State General Laboratory Cyprus

Urad Verejneho Zdravotnictva Slovenskej Republiky Slovakia

VITO Belgium

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$a A pilot study on the feasibility of European harmonized human biomonitoring: Strategies towards a common approach, challenges and opportunities / $c L. Casteleyn, B. Dumez, K. Becker, M. Kolossa-Gehring, E. Den Hond, G. Schoeters, A. Castaño, HM. Koch, J. Angerer, M. Esteban, K. Exley, O. Sepai, L. Bloemen, M. Horvat, LE. Knudsen, A. Joas, R. Joas, P. Biot, G. Koppen, MC. Dewolf, A. Katsonouri, A. Hadjipanayis, M. Cerná, A. Krsková, G. Schwedler, U. Fiddicke, JK. Nielsen, JF. Jensen, P. Rudnai, S. Közepésy, M. Mulcahy, R. Mannion, AC. Gutleb, ME. Fischer, D. Ligocka, M. Jakubowski, MF. Reis, S. Namorado, IR. Lupsa, AE. Gurzau, K. Halzlova, M. Jajcaj, D. Mazej, J. Tratnik Snoj, M. Posada, E. López, M. Berglund, K. Larsson, A. Lehmann, P. Crettaz, D. Aerts,

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$a In 2004 the European Commission and Member States initiated activities towards a harmonized approach for Human Biomonitoring surveys throughout Europe. The main objective was to sustain environmental health policy by building a coherent and sustainable framework and by increasing the comparability of data across countries. A pilot study to test common guidelines for setting up surveys was considered a key step in this process. Through a bottom-up approach that included all stakeholders, a joint study protocol was elaborated. From September 2011 till February 2012, 17 European countries collected data from 1844 mother-child pairs in the frame of DEMOnstration of a study to COordinate and Perform Human Biomonitoring on a European Scale (DEMOCOPHES).(1) Mercury in hair and urinary cadmium and cotinine were selected as biomarkers of exposure covered by sufficient analytical experience. Phthalate metabolites and Bisphenol A in urine were added to take into account increasing public and political awareness for emerging types of contaminants and to test less advanced markers/markers covered by less analytical experience. Extensive efforts towards chemo-analytical comparability were included. The pilot study showed that common approaches can be found in a context of considerable differences with respect to experience and expertize, socio-cultural background, economic situation and national priorities. It also evidenced that comparable Human Biomonitoring results can be obtained in such context. A European network was built, exchanging information, expertize and experiences, and providing training on all aspects of a survey. A key challenge was finding the right balance between a rigid structure allowing maximal comparability and a flexible approach increasing feasibility and capacity building. Next steps in European harmonization in Human Biomonitoring surveys include the establishment of a joint process for prioritization of substances to cover and biomarkers to develop, linking biomonitoring surveys with health examination surveys and with research, and coping with the diverse implementations of EU regulations and international guidelines with respect to ethics and privacy.

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