Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of three or more metabolic disorders including insulin resistance, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. Obesity has become the epidemic of the twenty-first century with more than 1.6 billion overweight adults. Due to the strong connection between obesity and type 2 diabetes, obesity has received wide attention with subsequent coining of the term "diabesity." Recent studies have identified unique contributions of the immensely diverse gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes. Several mechanisms have been proposed including altered glucose and fatty acid metabolism, hepatic fatty acid storage, and modulation of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1. Importantly, the relationship between unhealthy diet and a modified gut microbiota composition observed in diabetic or obese subjects has been recognized. Similarly, the role of diet rich in polyphenols and plant polysaccharides in modulating gut bacteria and its impact on diabetes and obesity have been the subject of investigation by several research groups. Gut microbiota are also responsible for the extensive metabolism of polyphenols thus modulating their biological activities. The aim of this review is to shed light on the composition of gut microbes, their health importance and how they can contribute to diseases as well as their modulation by polyphenols and polysaccharides to control obesity and diabetes. In addition, the role of microbiota in improving the oral bioavailability of polyphenols and hence in shaping their antidiabetic and antiobesity activities will be discussed.

Applied Biotechnology Research Center Baqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehran Iran

Department of Chemistry Manipal Institute of Technology Manipal UniversityManipal India

Department of Natural Drugs Faculty of Pharmacy University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences BrnoBrno Czechia

Department of Pharmaceutical Botany Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and PharmacyCluj Napoca Romania ICHAT and Institute for Life Sciences University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary MedicineCluj Napoca Romania

Dipartimento di Farmacia University of SalernoFisciano Italy

Faculty of Pharmacy Hebron UniversityHebron Palestine

Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding Polish Academy of SciencesJastrzebiec Poland Department of Pharmacognosy University of ViennaVienna Austria Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research Center for Physiology and Pharmacology Medical University of ViennaVienna Austria

Natural Health Products and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Université de MontréalMontréal QC Canada Canadian Institutes of Health Research Team in Aboriginal Antidiabetic MedicinesMontréal QC Canada

Natural Health Products and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory Department of Pharmacology and Physiology Université de MontréalMontréal QC Canada Canadian Institutes of Health Research Team in Aboriginal Antidiabetic MedicinesMontréal QC Canada Department of Pharmacognosy University of Beni SuefBeni Suef Egypt

Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing Emory UniversityAtlanta GA United States

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