Deoxynivalenol (DON, also known as vomitoxin) is a common mycotoxin found worldwide, especially in contaminated food. DON is toxic to a variety of cells and tissues in humans. Three kinds of conjugated products (DON-3-glucuronide, DON-15-glucuronide and DON-7-glucuronide) can be found as major metabolites in human urine. Females and males show different patterns of exposure levels, and human exposure to DON also shows some geographical differences because of different DON levels in cereal-based foods, food intake habits and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase expression. Specifically, the C12, 13-deepoxy metabolite was found predominantly in French adults but was rarely detected in UK adults. However, a cohort of Spanish individuals demonstrated even lower DON levels than the levels in the UK populations, whereas a very high DON exposure level was detected in South Africa and Linxian, China. Recent publications have further indicated that DON could be detected in the urine of pregnant women from different countries, which suggests that there is a potential risk to both mothers and foetuses. Additionally, phytochemicals have been shown to be less toxic to cells and laboratory animals in research studies and may also be used as food additives for reducing the toxic effects of DON. In this review, we provide global information on DON metabolism, human exposure and gender differences in humans. Also, control strategies for this mycotoxin are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Center for Basic and Applied Research Faculty of Informatics and Management University of Hradec Kralove Czech Republic Biomedical Research Center University Hospital Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

College of Life Science Yangtze University Jingzhou Hubei China Center for Basic and Applied Research Faculty of Informatics and Management University of Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health School of Public Health Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China

Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health School of Public Health Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China

Department of Traumatology BG Trauma Center Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany

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