Alien species can have major ecological and socioeconomic impacts in their novel ranges and so effective management actions are needed. However, management can be contentious and create conflicts, especially when stakeholders who benefit from alien species are different from those who incur costs. Such conflicts of interests mean that management strategies can often not be implemented. There is, therefore, increasing interest in engaging stakeholders affected by alien species or by their management. Through a facilitated workshop and consultation process including academics and managers working on a variety of organisms and in different areas (urban and rural) and ecosystems (terrestrial and aquatic), we developed a framework for engaging stakeholders in the management of alien species. The proposed framework for stakeholder engagement consists of 12 steps: (1) identify stakeholders; (2) select key stakeholders for engagement; (3) explore key stakeholders' perceptions and develop initial aims for management; (4) engage key stakeholders in the development of a draft management strategy; (5) re-explore key stakeholders' perceptions and revise the aims of the strategy; (6) co-design general aims, management objectives and time frames with key stakeholders; (7) co-design a management strategy; (8) facilitate stakeholders' ownership of the strategy and adapt as required; and (9) implement the strategy and monitor management actions to evaluate the need for additional or future actions. In case additional management is needed after these actions take place, some extra steps should be taken: (10) identify any new stakeholders, benefits, and costs; (11) monitor engagement; and (12) revise management strategy. Overall, we believe that our framework provides an effective approach to minimize the impact of conflicts created by alien species management.

Centre for Agroecology Water and Resilience Coventry University Ryton Gardens Wolston Lane Coventry CV8 3LG UK

Centre for Invasion Biology Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Matieland South Africa

CIRAD UMR PVBMT Saint Pierre La Réunion France

Council for Industrial and Scientific Research P O Box 320 Stellenbosch 7599 South Africa

Department Conservation and Marine Science Cape Peninsula University of Technology P O Box 652 Cape Town 8000 South Africa

Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Private Bag X3 Rondebosch 7701 South Africa

Environment Department Wentworth Way University of York Heslington York YO10 5NG UK

Institute of Botany Department of Invasion Ecology The Czech Academy of Sciences CZ 252 43 Průhonice Czech Republic

Marine Research Institute University of Cape Town Private Bag X3 Rondebosch 7701 South Africa

Nürtingen Geislingen University of Applied Sciences Nürtingen Germany

South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity Grahamstown South Africa

South African National Biodiversity Institute Kirstenbosch Research Centre Claremont South Africa

Université de la Réunion UMR PVBMT F 97410 Saint Pierre La Réunion France

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