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Cortical Brain Abnormalities in 4474 Individuals With Schizophrenia and 5098 Control Subjects via the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics Through Meta Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium

TGM. van Erp, E. Walton, DP. Hibar, L. Schmaal, W. Jiang, DC. Glahn, GD. Pearlson, N. Yao, M. Fukunaga, R. Hashimoto, N. Okada, H. Yamamori, JR. Bustillo, VP. Clark, I. Agartz, BA. Mueller, W. Cahn, SMC. de Zwarte, HE. Hulshoff Pol, RS. Kahn, RA....

. 2018 ; 84 (9) : 644-654. [pub] 20180514

Language English Country United States

Document type Journal Article, Meta-Analysis, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

Grant support
R01 GM061603 NIGMS NIH HHS - United States
T32 MH019112 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
K23 MH085096 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
U24 RR025736 NCRR NIH HHS - United States
U24 RR021992 NCRR NIH HHS - United States
R01 MH085646 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
U54 EB020403 NIBIB NIH HHS - United States
R01 MH107703 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
RC1 MH089257 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
R01 EB015611 NIBIB NIH HHS - United States
R01 AA021771 NIAAA NIH HHS - United States
UL1 TR001414 NCATS NIH HHS - United States
MR/K026992/1 Medical Research Council - United Kingdom
R01 EB006841 NIBIB NIH HHS - United States
R01 MH101111 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
P50 MH103222 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
P20 GM103472 NIGMS NIH HHS - United States
R37 MH043775 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
K01 MH099431 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
R01 DA027680 NIDA NIH HHS - United States
U01 MH108148 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
P50 MH064045 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
R01 EB005846 NIBIB NIH HHS - United States
UL1 RR025758 NCRR NIH HHS - United States
T32 MH067533 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
R01 MH056584 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
P50 AA022534 NIAAA NIH HHS - United States
P41 RR014075 NCRR NIH HHS - United States
R01 MH074797 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
R01 MH112180 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
UL1 TR000153 NCATS NIH HHS - United States
P50 MH071616 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
R01 MH058251 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
S10 OD023696 NIH HHS - United States
R01 MH084803 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
R01 MH094524 NIMH NIH HHS - United States
R01 MH060722 NIMH NIH HHS - United States

BACKGROUND: The profile of cortical neuroanatomical abnormalities in schizophrenia is not fully understood, despite hundreds of published structural brain imaging studies. This study presents the first meta-analysis of cortical thickness and surface area abnormalities in schizophrenia conducted by the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) Schizophrenia Working Group. METHODS: The study included data from 4474 individuals with schizophrenia (mean age, 32.3 years; range, 11-78 years; 66% male) and 5098 healthy volunteers (mean age, 32.8 years; range, 10-87 years; 53% male) assessed with standardized methods at 39 centers worldwide. RESULTS: Compared with healthy volunteers, individuals with schizophrenia have widespread thinner cortex (left/right hemisphere: Cohen's d = -0.530/-0.516) and smaller surface area (left/right hemisphere: Cohen's d = -0.251/-0.254), with the largest effect sizes for both in frontal and temporal lobe regions. Regional group differences in cortical thickness remained significant when statistically controlling for global cortical thickness, suggesting regional specificity. In contrast, effects for cortical surface area appear global. Case-control, negative, cortical thickness effect sizes were two to three times larger in individuals receiving antipsychotic medication relative to unmedicated individuals. Negative correlations between age and bilateral temporal pole thickness were stronger in individuals with schizophrenia than in healthy volunteers. Regional cortical thickness showed significant negative correlations with normalized medication dose, symptom severity, and duration of illness and positive correlations with age at onset. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that the ENIGMA meta-analysis approach can achieve robust findings in clinical neuroscience studies; also, medication effects should be taken into account in future genetic association studies of cortical thickness in schizophrenia.

Advanced Biomedical Informatics Group LLC Iowa City Iowa

Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging Charlestown Massachusetts

Beth K and Stuart C Yudofsky Division of Neuropsychiatry Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas

Brain Imaging and Analysis Center Duke University Medical Center Durham North Carolina

Center for Translational Imaging and Precision Medicine San Diego California

Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry Georg August University Göttingen Germany

Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Canada

Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom

Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Galway Neuroscience Centre College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences National University of Ireland Galway Galway Ireland

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Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental Barcelona Spain

Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental Santander Spain

Children's Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Surgery and Trauma Moscow Russia

Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital Chongqing China

Department of Basic Medical Science Neuroscience and Sense Organs University of Bari Aldo Moro Bari Italy

Department of Biomedical Engineering Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago Illinois

Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences College of Natural Sciences Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea

Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychology Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam The Netherlands

Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Department of Cognitive Science University of California San Diego La Jolla California

Department of Neuroimaging Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London United Kingdom

Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Medicine University of Tokyo Bunkyo ku Tokyo Japan

Department of Neuroscience University Medical Center Groningen Rijks Universiteit Groningen Groningen The Netherlands

Department of Neurosciences University of California San Diego La Jolla California

Department of Psychiatric Research Diakonhjemmet Hospital Oslo Norway

Department of Psychiatry Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois

Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California

Department of Psychiatry and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands

Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior University of California Irvine Irvine California

Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands

Department of Psychiatry and Psychology Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands

Department of Psychiatry Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts

Department of Psychiatry Groote Schuur Hospital University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa

Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts

Department of Psychiatry Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia

Department of Psychiatry Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita Osaka Japan

Department of Psychiatry Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy University Hospital Frankfurt Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt Germany

Department of Psychiatry Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea

Department of Psychiatry University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla School of Medicine Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute University of Cantabria Santander Spain

Department of Psychiatry University Medical Center Göttingen Göttingen Germany

Department of Psychiatry University Medical Center Groningen Rijks Universiteit Groningen Groningen The Netherlands

Department of Psychiatry University of California San Diego La Jolla California

Department of Psychiatry University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa

Department of Psychiatry University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota

Department of Psychiatry University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico

Department of Psychiatry University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina

Department of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania

Department of Psychiatry Vrije Universiteit Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands

Department of Psychiatry Weill Institute for Neurosciences University of California San Francisco California

Department of Psychiatry Yale University New Haven Connecticut

Department of Psychology City University of London London United Kingdom

Department of Psychology Georgia State University Atlanta Georgia

Department of Psychology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom

Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway

Department of Psychosis Studies Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London United Kingdom

Department of Radiology Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago Illinois

Department of Radiology University of California San Diego La Jolla California

Dipartimento di Neuroscienze Salute Mentale e Organi di Senso Faculty of Medicine and Psychology and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy

Discipline of Psychiatry School of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia

Division of Cerebral Integration National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki Aichi Japan

Division of Mental Health and Addiction NORMENT K G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway

Division of Psychiatry University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom

Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences Faculty of Medicine Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany

Faculty of Electrical Engineering Czech Technical University Prague Prague Czech Republic

Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia

Fundación para la Investigación y Docencia Maria Angustias Giménez Germanes Hospitalaries Research Foundation Barcelona Spain

Grow Up Well University of Newcastle Newcastle New South Wales Australia

Hunter Medical Research Institute Newcastle New South Wales Australia

Hunter New England Local Health District Newcastle New South Wales Australia

Imaging Genetics and Neuroinformatics Lab Georgia State University Atlanta Georgia

Imaging Genetics Center Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California Marina del Rey California

Institute of Clinical Medicine Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research K G Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research University of Oslo Oslo Norway

Institute of Computer Science Czech Academy of Sciences Czech Technical University Prague Prague Czech Republic

Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza San Giovanni Rotondo Italy

Janssen Research and Development San Diego California

Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation Rome Italy

Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Laboratórios de Investigação Médica 21 Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil

Luoyang 5th People's Hospital Henan Province Luoyang China

Maryland Psychiatric Research Center University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland

Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders Department of Psychiatry Stellenbosch University Cape Town South Africa

Medical Research Council Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders Department of Psychiatry University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa

Mental Health Research Center Moscow Russia

Mind Research Network Albuquerque New Mexico

Minneapolis VA Health Care System Minneapolis Minnesota

Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development United Graduate School of Child Development Osaka University Suita Osaka Japan

MR Unit Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine Prague Czech Republic

Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia

National Institute for Health Research Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust London United Kingdom

National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic

Neuroimaging Unit Technological Facilities Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute University of Cantabria Santander Spain

Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience Trinity College Dublin Ireland

Neuropsychiatry Centre University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia

Neuroscience Research Australia Sydney New South Wales Australia

Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center Institute of Living Hartford Hospital Hartford Connecticut

Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health Melbourne Victoria Australia

Priority Research Centre for Brain and Mental Health University of Newcastle Newcastle New South Wales Australia

Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour University of Newcastle Newcastle New South Wales Australia

Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research Program Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts

Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts

Psychiatry Research Center Beijing Huilongguan Hospital Beijing China

Queensland Brain Institute University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia

Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia

Research Group in Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine Universidad de Antioquia Medellin Colombia

San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco California

School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy University of Newcastle Newcastle New South Wales Australia

School of Medical Sciences University of New South Wales New South Wales Australia

School of Medicine and Public Health University of Newcastle Newcastle New South Wales Australia

School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia

School of Psychiatry University of New South Wales New South Wales Australia

School of Psychology and Department of Biochemistry National University of Ireland Galway Galway Ireland

School of Psychology University of Newcastle Newcastle New South Wales Australia

Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging Department of General Psychiatry Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany

Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California

Seoul National University Hospital Seoul Republic of Korea

Social Neuroscience Laboratory Charlestown Massachusetts

Stockholm Health Services Stockholm County Council Stockholm Sweden

University of Basel Psychiatric Hospital Basel Switzerland

Yeongeon Student Support Center Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea

Zhumadian Psychiatry Hospital Henan Province Zhumadian China

References provided by Crossref.org

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$a van Erp, Theo G M $u Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California. Electronic address: tvanerp@uci.edu.
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$a Mueller, Bryon A $u Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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$a Ophoff, Roel A $u Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Psychiatry and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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$a van Haren, Neeltje E M $u Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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$a Andreassen, Ole A $u Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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$a Dale, Anders M $u Center for Translational Imaging and Precision Medicine, San Diego, California; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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$a Lagerberg, Trine V $u Division of Mental Health and Addiction, NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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$a Westlye, Lars T $u Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, NORMENT, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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$a Gruber, Oliver $u Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.
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$a Kraemer, Bernd $u Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.
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$a Richter, Anja $u Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany.
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$a Zilles, David $u Center for Translational Research in Systems Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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$a Calhoun, Vince D $u Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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$a Roiz-Santiañez, Roberto $u Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Santander, Spain.
700    1_
$a Tordesillas-Gutiérrez, Diana $u Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, School of Medicine, Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Neuroimaging Unit, Technological Facilities, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, Marqués de Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Santander, Spain.
700    1_
$a Loughland, Carmel $u Priority Research Centre for Brain & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
700    1_
$a Carr, Vaughan J $u Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia.
700    1_
$a Catts, Stanley $u Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
700    1_
$a Cropley, Vanessa L $u Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
700    1_
$a Fullerton, Janice M $u School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
700    1_
$a Green, Melissa J $u School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
700    1_
$a Henskens, Frans A $u Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
700    1_
$a Jablensky, Assen $u School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
700    1_
$a Lenroot, Rhoshel K $u School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
700    1_
$a Mowry, Bryan J $u Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
700    1_
$a Michie, Patricia T $u School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
700    1_
$a Pantelis, Christos $u Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
700    1_
$a Quidé, Yann $u School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
700    1_
$a Schall, Ulrich $u Priority Research Centre for Brain & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Grow Up Well, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
700    1_
$a Scott, Rodney J $u School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
700    1_
$a Cairns, Murray J $u School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
700    1_
$a Seal, Marc $u Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
700    1_
$a Tooney, Paul A $u School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Priority Research Centre for Brain & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
700    1_
$a Rasser, Paul E $u Priority Research Centre for Brain & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
700    1_
$a Cooper, Gavin $u Priority Research Centre for Brain & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
700    1_
$a Shannon Weickert, Cynthia $u School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
700    1_
$a Weickert, Thomas W $u School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
700    1_
$a Morris, Derek W $u Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering (NCBES) Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; School of Psychology, and Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
700    1_
$a Hong, Elliot $u Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
700    1_
$a Kochunov, Peter $u Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
700    1_
$a Beard, Lauren M $u Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
700    1_
$a Gur, Raquel E $u Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
700    1_
$a Gur, Ruben C $u Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
700    1_
$a Satterthwaite, Theodore D $u Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
700    1_
$a Wolf, Daniel H $u Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
700    1_
$a Belger, Aysenil $u Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
700    1_
$a Brown, Gregory G $u Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.
700    1_
$a Ford, Judith M $u Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California.
700    1_
$a Macciardi, Fabio $u Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.
700    1_
$a Mathalon, Daniel H $u Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California.
700    1_
$a O'Leary, Daniel S $u Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
700    1_
$a Potkin, Steven G $u Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.
700    1_
$a Preda, Adrian $u Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California.
700    1_
$a Voyvodic, James $u Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
700    1_
$a Lim, Kelvin O $u Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
700    1_
$a McEwen, Sarah $u Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
700    1_
$a Yang, Fude $u Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
700    1_
$a Tan, Yunlong $u Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
700    1_
$a Tan, Shuping $u Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
700    1_
$a Wang, Zhiren $u Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
700    1_
$a Fan, Fengmei $u Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
700    1_
$a Chen, Jingxu $u Psychiatry Research Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China.
700    1_
$a Xiang, Hong $u Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China.
700    1_
$a Tang, Shiyou $u Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China.
700    1_
$a Guo, Hua $u Zhumadian Psychiatry Hospital, Henan Province, Zhumadian, China.
700    1_
$a Wan, Ping $u Zhumadian Psychiatry Hospital, Henan Province, Zhumadian, China.
700    1_
$a Wei, Dong $u Luoyang Fifth People's Hospital, Henan Province, Luoyang, China.
700    1_
$a Bockholt, Henry J $u Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Advanced Biomedical Informatics Group, LLC, Iowa City, Iowa.
700    1_
$a Ehrlich, Stefan $u Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts; Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
700    1_
$a Wolthusen, Rick P F $u Social Neuroscience Laboratory, Charlestown, Massachusetts; Psychiatric Neuroimaging Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
700    1_
$a King, Margaret D $u Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
700    1_
$a Shoemaker, Jody M $u Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
700    1_
$a Sponheim, Scott R $u Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
700    1_
$a De Haan, Lieuwe $u Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
700    1_
$a Koenders, Laura $u Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
700    1_
$a Machielsen, Marise W $u Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
700    1_
$a van Amelsvoort, Therese $u Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
700    1_
$a Veltman, Dick J $u Department of Psychiatry, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
700    1_
$a Assogna, Francesca $u Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Centro Fermi, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy.
700    1_
$a Banaj, Nerisa $u Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
700    1_
$a de Rossi, Pietro $u Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Salute Mentale e Organi di Senso (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, and Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
700    1_
$a Iorio, Mariangela $u Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
700    1_
$a Piras, Fabrizio $u Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Centro Fermi, Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche "Enrico Fermi", Rome, Italy.
700    1_
$a Spalletta, Gianfranco $u Beth K. and Stuart C. Yudofsky Division of Neuropsychiatry, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
700    1_
$a McKenna, Peter J $u Fundación para la Investigación y Docencia Maria Angustias Giménez (FIDMAG) Germanes Hospitalaries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Barcelona, Spain.
700    1_
$a Pomarol-Clotet, Edith $u Fundación para la Investigación y Docencia Maria Angustias Giménez (FIDMAG) Germanes Hospitalaries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Barcelona, Spain.
700    1_
$a Salvador, Raymond $u Fundación para la Investigación y Docencia Maria Angustias Giménez (FIDMAG) Germanes Hospitalaries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Barcelona, Spain.
700    1_
$a Corvin, Aiden $u Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
700    1_
$a Donohoe, Gary $u Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering (NCBES) Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; School of Psychology, and Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; Neuropsychiatric Genetics Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
700    1_
$a Kelly, Sinead $u Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
700    1_
$a Whelan, Christopher D $u Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California.
700    1_
$a Dickie, Erin W $u Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
700    1_
$a Rotenberg, David $u Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
700    1_
$a Voineskos, Aristotle N $u Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
700    1_
$a Ciufolini, Simone $u Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
700    1_
$a Radua, Joaquim $u Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Fundación para la Investigación y Docencia Maria Angustias Giménez (FIDMAG) Germanes Hospitalaries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
700    1_
$a Dazzan, Paola $u Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
700    1_
$a Murray, Robin $u Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
700    1_
$a Reis Marques, Tiago $u Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
700    1_
$a Simmons, Andrew $u Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
700    1_
$a Borgwardt, Stefan $u University of Basel Psychiatric Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
700    1_
$a Egloff, Laura $u University of Basel Psychiatric Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
700    1_
$a Harrisberger, Fabienne $u University of Basel Psychiatric Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
700    1_
$a Riecher-Rössler, Anita $u University of Basel Psychiatric Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
700    1_
$a Smieskova, Renata $u University of Basel Psychiatric Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
700    1_
$a Alpert, Kathryn I $u Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
700    1_
$a Wang, Lei $u Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.
700    1_
$a Jönsson, Erik G $u Institute of Clinical Medicine, Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
700    1_
$a Koops, Sanne $u Department of Psychiatry and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
700    1_
$a Sommer, Iris E C $u Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Groningen, Rijks Universiteit Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Rijks Universiteit Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
700    1_
$a Bertolino, Alessandro $u Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy.
700    1_
$a Bonvino, Aurora $u Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.
700    1_
$a Di Giorgio, Annabella $u Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy.
700    1_
$a Neilson, Emma $u Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
700    1_
$a Mayer, Andrew R $u Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
700    1_
$a Stephen, Julia M $u Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
700    1_
$a Kwon, Jun Soo $u Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
700    1_
$a Yun, Je-Yeon $u Yeongeon Student Support Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
700    1_
$a Cannon, Dara M $u Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering (NCBES) Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
700    1_
$a McDonald, Colm $u Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics, Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering (NCBES) Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
700    1_
$a Lebedeva, Irina $u Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia.
700    1_
$a Tomyshev, Alexander S $u Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia.
700    1_
$a Akhadov, Tolibjohn $u Children's Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Surgery and Trauma, Moscow, Russia.
700    1_
$a Kaleda, Vasily $u Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia.
700    1_
$a Fatouros-Bergman, Helena $u Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
700    1_
$a Flyckt, Lena $u Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
700    1_
$a Busatto, Geraldo F $u Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Laboratórios de Investigação Médica 21, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
700    1_
$a Rosa, Pedro G P $u Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Laboratórios de Investigação Médica 21, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
700    1_
$a Serpa, Mauricio H $u Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Laboratórios de Investigação Médica 21, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
700    1_
$a Zanetti, Marcus V $u Laboratory of Psychiatric Neuroimaging, Laboratórios de Investigação Médica 21, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
700    1_
$a Hoschl, Cyril $u National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
700    1_
$a Skoch, Antonin $u National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; MR Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
700    1_
$a Spaniel, Filip $u National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
700    1_
$a Tomecek, David $u National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic; Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
700    1_
$a Hagenaars, Saskia P $u Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
700    1_
$a McIntosh, Andrew M $u Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
700    1_
$a Whalley, Heather C $u Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
700    1_
$a Lawrie, Stephen M $u Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
700    1_
$a Knöchel, Christian $u Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
700    1_
$a Oertel-Knöchel, Viola $u Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
700    1_
$a Stäblein, Michael $u Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
700    1_
$a Howells, Fleur M $u Department of Psychiatry, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
700    1_
$a Stein, Dan J $u Department of Psychiatry, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Medical Research Council Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
700    1_
$a Temmingh, Henk S $u Department of Psychiatry, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
700    1_
$a Uhlmann, Anne $u Department of Psychiatry, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Medical Research Council Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
700    1_
$a Lopez-Jaramillo, Carlos $u Research Group in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.
700    1_
$a Dima, Danai $u Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, City, University of London, London, United Kingdom.
700    1_
$a McMahon, Agnes $u Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California.
700    1_
$a Faskowitz, Joshua I $u Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California.
700    1_
$a Gutman, Boris A $u Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois.
700    1_
$a Jahanshad, Neda $u Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California.
700    1_
$a Thompson, Paul M $u Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California.
700    1_
$a Turner, Jessica A $u Imaging Genetics and Neuroinformatics Lab, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia; Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
710    2_
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