Ten new vanadocene complexes bearing N,N'-chelating ligands were prepared, characterized, and their cytotoxicity toward a panel of cancer cells was measured. Structures of four vanadocene compounds were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Complexes containing 1,2-bis(phenylimino)acenaphthene (bian) and 1,2-bis(4-methoxyphenylimino)acenaphthene (4-MeO-bian) exhibit higher cytotoxicity than those with dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz) and (E)-N-((pyridin-2-yl)methylene)benzenamine (pyma). In light of the finding, cytotoxic mechanisms of two highly effective complexes [(η5-C5H4Me)2V(bian)][OTf]2 (3b) and [(η5-C5H4Me)2V(4-MeO-bian)][OTf]2 (4b) against human A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells were investigated by following membrane leakage of intracellular lactate dehydrogenase, Trypan Blue staining and activation of tumor protein p53 (p53). Evaluated complexes have a potent dose-dependent antiproliferative activity, causing cell cycle redistribution by the increased accumulation of cells in the G2 and S phase. In accord with the observed cell cycle deceleration, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor-interacting protein 1 (p21WAF1/Cip1), extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) and their phosphorylated forms Chk1 at serine 345 and Chk2 at threonine 68 increased. In the cells exposed to complexes, dose- and time-dependent apoptotic process is initiated by the activation of the initiator caspase 8, followed by activation of effector caspase 3/7 and phosphatidylserine externalization. Moreover, because of treatment, A549 cells activate prosurvival mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling and up-regulate antiapoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-2), thereby promoting evasion of cell death. Both complexes exhibited considerably higher cytotoxic effect than the reference anticancer drug cis-platin and the cytotoxicity was more pronounced at higher treatment time.

2nd Department of Internal Medicine Gastroenterology Charles University Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové University Hospital Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 573 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic

Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 573 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic

Department of Inorganic Chemistry Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Hlavova 2030 8 128 43 Prague 2 Czech Republic

Department of Medical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové Charles University Šimkova 870 500 38 Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Pardubice Studentská 573 532 10 Pardubice Czech Republic

References provided by Crossref.org