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Spatio-temporal assessment of illicit drug use at large scale: evidence from 7 years of international wastewater monitoring
I. González-Mariño, JA. Baz-Lomba, NA. Alygizakis, MJ. Andrés-Costa, R. Bade, A. Bannwarth, LP. Barron, F. Been, L. Benaglia, JD. Berset, L. Bijlsma, I. Bodík, A. Brenner, AL. Brock, DA. Burgard, E. Castrignanò, A. Celma, CE. Christophoridis, A....
Language English Country Great Britain
Document type Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Grant support
COST Action ES1307
European Cooperation in Science and Technology - International
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) - International
163049-051
The Icelandic Research Fund - International
HOME/2015/ISFP/PR/DRUG/0062
Wastewater Analysis of Traces of illicit drug-related Chemicals for law enforcement and public Health (WATCH) - International
317205
EU International Training Network SEWPROF - International
Marie Curie-FP7-PEOPLE
EU International Training Network SEWPROF - International
Environmental Sustainability Knowledge Transfer Network, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and Thermo Fisher Scientific - International
ED481D 2017/003
Galician Council of Culture, Education and Universities - International
CTM2014-56628-C3-2-R
MINECO/AEI - International
CTM2016-81935-REDT
MINECO/AEI - International
CTM2017-84763-C3-2-R
MINECO/AEI - International
CTQ2015-65603-P
MINECO/AEI - International
L1-9191
Slovene Research Agency - International
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) - International
Thyne Reid Foundation - International
NLK
CINAHL Plus with Full Text (EBSCOhost)
from 2003-03-01 to 1 year ago
Medline Complete (EBSCOhost)
from 1993-01-01 to 1 year ago
PubMed
31642141
DOI
10.1111/add.14767
Knihovny.cz E-resources
- MeSH
- Amphetamine analysis MeSH
- Spatio-Temporal Analysis * MeSH
- Chromatography, Liquid MeSH
- Internationality MeSH
- Cocaine analogs & derivatives analysis MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Methamphetamine analysis MeSH
- Environmental Monitoring methods MeSH
- N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine analysis MeSH
- Substance Abuse Detection methods MeSH
- Wastewater chemistry MeSH
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry MeSH
- Illicit Drugs * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Wastewater-based epidemiology is an additional indicator of drug use that is gaining reliability to complement the current established panel of indicators. The aims of this study were to: (i) assess spatial and temporal trends of population-normalized mass loads of benzoylecgonine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in raw wastewater over 7 years (2011-17); (ii) address overall drug use by estimating the average number of combined doses consumed per day in each city; and (iii) compare these with existing prevalence and seizure data. DESIGN: Analysis of daily raw wastewater composite samples collected over 1 week per year from 2011 to 2017. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Catchment areas of 143 wastewater treatment plants in 120 cities in 37 countries. MEASUREMENTS: Parent substances (amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA) and the metabolites of cocaine (benzoylecgonine) and of Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol) were measured in wastewater using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Daily mass loads (mg/day) were normalized to catchment population (mg/1000 people/day) and converted to the number of combined doses consumed per day. Spatial differences were assessed world-wide, and temporal trends were discerned at European level by comparing 2011-13 drug loads versus 2014-17 loads. FINDINGS: Benzoylecgonine was the stimulant metabolite detected at higher loads in southern and western Europe, and amphetamine, MDMA and methamphetamine in East and North-Central Europe. In other continents, methamphetamine showed the highest levels in the United States and Australia and benzoylecgonine in South America. During the reporting period, benzoylecgonine loads increased in general across Europe, amphetamine and methamphetamine levels fluctuated and MDMA underwent an intermittent upsurge. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of wastewater to quantify drug loads provides near real-time drug use estimates that globally correspond to prevalence and seizure data.
Chair of Urban Water Management Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
Department of Analytical Chemistry Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain
Department of Analytical Environmental and Forensic Sciences King's College London London UK
Department of Chemical Engineering McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
Department of Chemical Engineering University of Bath Bath UK
Department of Chemistry University of Bath Bath UK
Department of Environmental Engineering Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
Department of Environmental Sciences Jožef Stefan Institute Ljubljana Slovenia
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Toxicological Center Antwerp Belgium
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
Division for Marine and Environmental Research Rudjer Boskovic Institute Zagreb Croatia
Ecole des Sciences Criminelles University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
Faculty of Pharmacy University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal
Food and Environmental Safety Research Group University of Valencia Moncada Spain
Forensic Toxicology National Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
IBED University of Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands
Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
Institute of Forensic Research Krakow Poland
Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan Italy
KWR Water Research Institute Nieuwegein the Netherlands
National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences Lisbon Portugal
Norwegian Institute for Water Research Oslo Norway
Research Institute for Pesticides and Water University Jaume 1 Castellón Spain
Unit of Environmental Engineering Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva Israel
Université Paris Sud CNRS AgroParisTech Université Paris Saclay Chatenay Malabry France
University of Bern Institute of Plant Sciences Bern Switzerland
References provided by Crossref.org
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- $a Spatio-temporal assessment of illicit drug use at large scale: evidence from 7 years of international wastewater monitoring / $c I. González-Mariño, JA. Baz-Lomba, NA. Alygizakis, MJ. Andrés-Costa, R. Bade, A. Bannwarth, LP. Barron, F. Been, L. Benaglia, JD. Berset, L. Bijlsma, I. Bodík, A. Brenner, AL. Brock, DA. Burgard, E. Castrignanò, A. Celma, CE. Christophoridis, A. Covaci, O. Delémont, P. de Voogt, DA. Devault, MJ. Dias, E. Emke, P. Esseiva, D. Fatta-Kassinos, G. Fedorova, K. Fytianos, C. Gerber, R. Grabic, E. Gracia-Lor, S. Grüner, T. Gunnar, E. Hapeshi, E. Heath, B. Helm, F. Hernández, A. Kankaanpaa, S. Karolak, B. Kasprzyk-Hordern, I. Krizman-Matasic, FY. Lai, W. Lechowicz, A. Lopes, M. López de Alda, E. López-García, ASC. Löve, N. Mastroianni, GL. McEneff, R. Montes, K. Munro, T. Nefau, H. Oberacher, JW. O'Brien, R. Oertel, K. Olafsdottir, Y. Picó, BG. Plósz, F. Polesel, C. Postigo, JB. Quintana, P. Ramin, MJ. Reid, J. Rice, R. Rodil, N. Salgueiro-González, S. Schubert, I. Senta, SM. Simões, MM. Sremacki, K. Styszko, S. Terzic, NS. Thomaidis, KV. Thomas, BJ. Tscharke, R. Udrisard, ALN. van Nuijs, V. Yargeau, E. Zuccato, S. Castiglioni, C. Ort
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- $a BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Wastewater-based epidemiology is an additional indicator of drug use that is gaining reliability to complement the current established panel of indicators. The aims of this study were to: (i) assess spatial and temporal trends of population-normalized mass loads of benzoylecgonine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in raw wastewater over 7 years (2011-17); (ii) address overall drug use by estimating the average number of combined doses consumed per day in each city; and (iii) compare these with existing prevalence and seizure data. DESIGN: Analysis of daily raw wastewater composite samples collected over 1 week per year from 2011 to 2017. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Catchment areas of 143 wastewater treatment plants in 120 cities in 37 countries. MEASUREMENTS: Parent substances (amphetamine, methamphetamine and MDMA) and the metabolites of cocaine (benzoylecgonine) and of Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol) were measured in wastewater using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Daily mass loads (mg/day) were normalized to catchment population (mg/1000 people/day) and converted to the number of combined doses consumed per day. Spatial differences were assessed world-wide, and temporal trends were discerned at European level by comparing 2011-13 drug loads versus 2014-17 loads. FINDINGS: Benzoylecgonine was the stimulant metabolite detected at higher loads in southern and western Europe, and amphetamine, MDMA and methamphetamine in East and North-Central Europe. In other continents, methamphetamine showed the highest levels in the United States and Australia and benzoylecgonine in South America. During the reporting period, benzoylecgonine loads increased in general across Europe, amphetamine and methamphetamine levels fluctuated and MDMA underwent an intermittent upsurge. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of wastewater to quantify drug loads provides near real-time drug use estimates that globally correspond to prevalence and seizure data.
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