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Changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis during the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: a prospective analysis of surveillance data
AB. Brueggemann, MJ. Jansen van Rensburg, D. Shaw, ND. McCarthy, KA. Jolley, MCJ. Maiden, MPG. van der Linden, Z. Amin-Chowdhury, DE. Bennett, R. Borrow, MC. Brandileone, K. Broughton, R. Campbell, B. Cao, C. Casanova, EH. Choi, YW. Chu, SA....
Language English Country Great Britain
Document type Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Grant support
Wellcome Trust - United Kingdom
206394/Z/17/Z
Wellcome Trust - United Kingdom
218205/Z/19/Z)
Wellcome Trust - United Kingdom
- MeSH
- Interrupted Time Series Analysis MeSH
- Bacterial Infections epidemiology transmission MeSH
- COVID-19 * prevention & control MeSH
- Haemophilus influenzae MeSH
- Incidence MeSH
- Respiratory Tract Infections epidemiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Neisseria meningitidis MeSH
- Prospective Studies MeSH
- Streptococcus agalactiae MeSH
- Streptococcus pneumoniae MeSH
- Population Surveillance MeSH
- Public Health Practice MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
BACKGROUND: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, which are typically transmitted via respiratory droplets, are leading causes of invasive diseases, including bacteraemic pneumonia and meningitis, and of secondary infections subsequent to post-viral respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of invasive disease due to these pathogens during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: In this prospective analysis of surveillance data, laboratories in 26 countries and territories across six continents submitted data on cases of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis from Jan 1, 2018, to May, 31, 2020, as part of the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Initiative. Numbers of weekly cases in 2020 were compared with corresponding data for 2018 and 2019. Data for invasive disease due to Streptococcus agalactiae, a non-respiratory pathogen, were collected from nine laboratories for comparison. The stringency of COVID-19 containment measures was quantified using the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. Changes in population movements were assessed using Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. Interrupted time-series modelling quantified changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in 2020 relative to when containment measures were imposed. FINDINGS: 27 laboratories from 26 countries and territories submitted data to the IRIS Initiative for S pneumoniae (62 837 total cases), 24 laboratories from 24 countries submitted data for H influenzae (7796 total cases), and 21 laboratories from 21 countries submitted data for N meningitidis (5877 total cases). All countries and territories had experienced a significant and sustained reduction in invasive diseases due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in early 2020 (Jan 1 to May 31, 2020), coinciding with the introduction of COVID-19 containment measures in each country. By contrast, no significant changes in the incidence of invasive S agalactiae infections were observed. Similar trends were observed across most countries and territories despite differing stringency in COVID-19 control policies. The incidence of reported S pneumoniae infections decreased by 68% at 4 weeks (incidence rate ratio 0·32 [95% CI 0·27-0·37]) and 82% at 8 weeks (0·18 [0·14-0·23]) following the week in which significant changes in population movements were recorded. INTERPRETATION: The introduction of COVID-19 containment policies and public information campaigns likely reduced transmission of S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis, leading to a significant reduction in life-threatening invasive diseases in many countries worldwide. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust (UK), Robert Koch Institute (Germany), Federal Ministry of Health (Germany), Pfizer, Merck, Health Protection Surveillance Centre (Ireland), SpID-Net project (Ireland), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (European Union), Horizon 2020 (European Commission), Ministry of Health (Poland), National Programme of Antibiotic Protection (Poland), Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland), Agencia de Salut Pública de Catalunya (Spain), Sant Joan de Deu Foundation (Spain), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (Sweden), Swedish Research Council (Sweden), Region Stockholm (Sweden), Federal Office of Public Health of Switzerland (Switzerland), and French Public Health Agency (France).
Bacterial Respiratory Infection Service Scottish Microbiology Reference Laboratories Glasgow UK
Blavatnik School of Government University of Oxford Oxford UK
Department of Bacteria Parasites and Fungi Statens Serum Institut Copenhagen Denmark
Department of Clinical Microbiology Beaumont Hospital Dublin Ireland
Department of Clinical Microbiology Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
Department of Microbiology Immunology and Transplantation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
Department of Microbiology Tumor and Cell Biology Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science University of Otago Christchurch New Zealand
Department of Pediatrics Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul South Korea
Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie Université de Mons Mons Belgium
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
Government Central Laboratories Ministry of Health Jerusalem Israel
Immunisation and Countermeasures Division National Infection Service Public Health England London UK
Instituto de Recerca Pediatrica Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona Spain
Laboratoire National de Sante Dudelange Luxembourg
National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada Winnipeg MB Canada
National Reference Centre for Bacterial Meningitis National Medicines Institute Warsaw Poland
National Reference Centre for Neisseria meningitidis Sciensano Brussels Belgium
National Reference Centre for Streptococcus pneumoniae University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
Nuffield Department of Population Health Big Data Institute University of Oxford Oxford UK
Public Health Agency Belfast Northern Ireland
Public Health Agency of Sweden Solna Sweden
Public Health Wales Cardiff UK
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Beaumont Hospital Dublin Ireland
References provided by Crossref.org
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- $a Brueggemann, Angela B $u Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: angela.brueggemann@ndph.ox.ac.uk
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- $a Changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis during the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: a prospective analysis of surveillance data / $c AB. Brueggemann, MJ. Jansen van Rensburg, D. Shaw, ND. McCarthy, KA. Jolley, MCJ. Maiden, MPG. van der Linden, Z. Amin-Chowdhury, DE. Bennett, R. Borrow, MC. Brandileone, K. Broughton, R. Campbell, B. Cao, C. Casanova, EH. Choi, YW. Chu, SA. Clark, H. Claus, J. Coelho, M. Corcoran, S. Cottrell, RJ. Cunney, T. Dalby, H. Davies, L. de Gouveia, AE. Deghmane, W. Demczuk, S. Desmet, RJ. Drew, M. du Plessis, H. Erlendsdottir, NK. Fry, K. Fuursted, SJ. Gray, B. Henriques-Normark, T. Hale, M. Hilty, S. Hoffmann, H. Humphreys, M. Ip, S. Jacobsson, J. Johnston, J. Kozakova, KG. Kristinsson, P. Krizova, A. Kuch, SN. Ladhani, TT. Lâm, V. Lebedova, L. Lindholm, DJ. Litt, I. Martin, D. Martiny, W. Mattheus, M. McElligott, M. Meehan, S. Meiring, P. Mölling, E. Morfeldt, J. Morgan, RM. Mulhall, C. Muñoz-Almagro, DR. Murdoch, J. Murphy, M. Musilek, A. Mzabi, A. Perez-Argüello, M. Perrin, M. Perry, A. Redin, R. Roberts, M. Roberts, A. Rokney, M. Ron, KJ. Scott, CL. Sheppard, L. Siira, A. Skoczyńska, M. Sloan, HC. Slotved, AJ. Smith, JY. Song, MK. Taha, M. Toropainen, D. Tsang, A. Vainio, NM. van Sorge, E. Varon, J. Vlach, U. Vogel, S. Vohrnova, A. von Gottberg, RC. Zanella, F. Zhou
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