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Alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe: a large-scale cross-sectional study in 21 countries

C. Kilian, J. Rehm, P. Allebeck, F. Braddick, A. Gual, M. Barták, K. Bloomfield, A. Gil, M. Neufeld, A. O'Donnell, B. Petruželka, V. Rogalewicz, B. Schulte, J. Manthey, European Study Group on Alcohol Use and COVID-19

. 2021 ; 116 (12) : 3369-3380. [pub] 20210609

Language English Country Great Britain

Document type Journal Article

Persistent link   https://www.medvik.cz/link/bmc22003046

Grant support
001 World Health Organization - International

AIMS: To investigate changes in alcohol consumption during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe as well as its associations with income and experiences of distress related to the pandemic. DESIGN: Cross-sectional on-line survey conducted between 24 April and 22 July 2020. SETTING: Twenty-one European countries. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 31 964 adults reporting past-year drinking. MEASUREMENTS: Changes in alcohol consumption were measured by asking respondents about changes over the previous month in their drinking frequency, the quantity they consumed and incidence of heavy episodic drinking events. Individual indicators were combined into an aggregated consumption-change score and scaled to a possible range of -1 to +1. Using this score as the outcome, multi-level linear regressions tested changes in overall drinking, taking into account sampling weights and baseline alcohol consumption [Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-C)] and country of residence serving as random intercept. Similar models were conducted for each single consumption-change indicator. FINDINGS: The aggregated consumption-change score indicated an average decrease in alcohol consumption of -0.14 [95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.18, -0.10]. Statistically significant decreases in consumption were found in all countries, except Ireland (-0.08, 95% CI = -0.17, 0.01) and the United Kingdom (+0.10, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.17). Decreases in drinking were mainly driven by a reduced frequency of heavy episodic drinking events (-0.17, 95% CI = -0.20, -0.14). Declines in consumption were less marked among those with low- or average incomes and those experiencing distress. CONCLUSIONS: On average, alcohol consumption appears to have declined during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. Both reduced availability of alcohol and increased distress may have affected consumption, although the former seems to have had a greater impact in terms of immediate effects.

1 M Sechenov 1st Moscow State Medical University Moscow Russia

Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada

Centre for Alcohol and Drug Research Aarhus University Copenhagen Denmark

Clínic Foundation for Biomedical Research Barcelona Mallorca Spain

Clinical Addictions Research Group Psychiatry Department Neurosciences Institute Hospital Clínic University of Barcelona Barcelona Mallorca Spain

Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada

Department of Addictology 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital Prague Prague Czech Republic

Department of Psychiatry Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf Hamburg Germany

Department of Psychiatry Medical Faculty University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany

Department of Psychiatry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada

Department of Public Health Sciences Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Faculty of Medicine Institute of Medical Science University of Toronto Medical Sciences Building Toronto Ontario Canada

Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer Barcelona Mallorca Spain

Institute for Mental Health Policy Research Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada

Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany

Population Health Sciences Institute Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK

World Health Organization European Office for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases Moscow Russia

References provided by Crossref.org

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$a AIMS: To investigate changes in alcohol consumption during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe as well as its associations with income and experiences of distress related to the pandemic. DESIGN: Cross-sectional on-line survey conducted between 24 April and 22 July 2020. SETTING: Twenty-one European countries. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 31 964 adults reporting past-year drinking. MEASUREMENTS: Changes in alcohol consumption were measured by asking respondents about changes over the previous month in their drinking frequency, the quantity they consumed and incidence of heavy episodic drinking events. Individual indicators were combined into an aggregated consumption-change score and scaled to a possible range of -1 to +1. Using this score as the outcome, multi-level linear regressions tested changes in overall drinking, taking into account sampling weights and baseline alcohol consumption [Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-C)] and country of residence serving as random intercept. Similar models were conducted for each single consumption-change indicator. FINDINGS: The aggregated consumption-change score indicated an average decrease in alcohol consumption of -0.14 [95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.18, -0.10]. Statistically significant decreases in consumption were found in all countries, except Ireland (-0.08, 95% CI = -0.17, 0.01) and the United Kingdom (+0.10, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.17). Decreases in drinking were mainly driven by a reduced frequency of heavy episodic drinking events (-0.17, 95% CI = -0.20, -0.14). Declines in consumption were less marked among those with low- or average incomes and those experiencing distress. CONCLUSIONS: On average, alcohol consumption appears to have declined during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. Both reduced availability of alcohol and increased distress may have affected consumption, although the former seems to have had a greater impact in terms of immediate effects.
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