Vitamin K is traditionally connected with blood coagulation, since it is needed for the posttranslational modification of 7 proteins involved in this cascade. However, it is also involved in the maturation of another 11 or 12 proteins that play different roles, encompassing in particular the modulation of the calcification of connective tissues. Since this process is physiologically needed in bones, but is pathological in arteries, a great deal of research has been devoted to finding a possible link between vitamin K and the prevention of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, the current knowledge does not allow us to make a decisive conclusion about such a link. One possible explanation for this is the diversity of the biological activity of vitamin K, which is not a single compound but a general term covering natural plant and animal forms of vitamin K (K1 and K2) as well as their synthetic congeners (K3 and K4). Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is found in several vegetables. Menaquinones (MK4-MK13, a series of compounds known as vitamin K2) are mostly of a bacterial origin and are introduced into the human diet mainly through fermented cheeses. Current knowledge about the kinetics of different forms of vitamin K, their detection, and their toxicity are discussed in this review.

Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Charles University Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics University Hospital Hradec Králové Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Charles University Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Charles University Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Research Group of Pharmaco Toxicological Analysis Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna Bologna Italy

UCIBIO REQUIMTE Laboratory of Toxicology The Biological Sciences Department Faculty of Pharmacy University of Porto Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira Porto Portugal

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$a Vitamin K - sources, physiological role, kinetics, deficiency, detection, therapeutic use, and toxicity / $c P. Mladěnka, K. Macáková, L. Kujovská Krčmová, L. Javorská, K. Mrštná, A. Carazo, M. Protti, F. Remião, L. Nováková, OEMONOM researchers and collaborators

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$a Vitamin K is traditionally connected with blood coagulation, since it is needed for the posttranslational modification of 7 proteins involved in this cascade. However, it is also involved in the maturation of another 11 or 12 proteins that play different roles, encompassing in particular the modulation of the calcification of connective tissues. Since this process is physiologically needed in bones, but is pathological in arteries, a great deal of research has been devoted to finding a possible link between vitamin K and the prevention of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, the current knowledge does not allow us to make a decisive conclusion about such a link. One possible explanation for this is the diversity of the biological activity of vitamin K, which is not a single compound but a general term covering natural plant and animal forms of vitamin K (K1 and K2) as well as their synthetic congeners (K3 and K4). Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is found in several vegetables. Menaquinones (MK4-MK13, a series of compounds known as vitamin K2) are mostly of a bacterial origin and are introduced into the human diet mainly through fermented cheeses. Current knowledge about the kinetics of different forms of vitamin K, their detection, and their toxicity are discussed in this review.

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