Alcoholism (Alcohol dependence) is considered a serial health problem because of tendency for con-sumption more alcohol, control losing and the physical dependence development. This cycle in most often featured by periods of craving, abstinence, and relapse. The cholinergic, adrenergic, dopaminergic, glutamatergic, GABAergic, serotonergic, peptidergic, and different neurotransmitter systems in the brain are affected by alcohol consumption. The development of alcohol dependence is attributed to neuro-adaptations within the extended amygdala and mesocorticolimbic systems. Principally, the glutamatergic neurotransmission variations that resulted by alcohol consumption, lead to researches recommended in a focus on normalization of glutamatergic neurotransmission and glutamatergic receptors as a targeting therapy. Glutamatergic receptors are classified to ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA, Kainate, and NMDA) and metabotropic receptors. Sodium dependent excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) and vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). Additionally, cysteine-glutamate antiporter which regulates cysteine -glutamate exchange at the synapse. At least 90% of extracellular glutamate displace particularly by GLT1. Ceftriaxone, GPI-1046 and MS-153, upregulate expression of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) in mesocorticolimbic brain region.

Department of Pharmaceutics College of Pharmacy University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology College of Pharmacy University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq

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