The brain's complex organization spans from molecular-level processes within neurons to large-scale networks, making it essential to understand this multiscale structure to uncover brain functions and address neurological disorders. Multiscale brain modeling has emerged as a transformative approach, integrating computational models, advanced imaging, and big data to bridge these levels of organization. This review explores the challenges and opportunities in linking microscopic phenomena to macroscopic brain functions, emphasizing the methodologies driving progress in the field. It also highlights the clinical potential of multiscale models, including their role in advancing artificial intelligence (AI) applications and improving healthcare technologies. By examining current research and proposing future directions for interdisciplinary collaboration, this work demonstrates how multiscale brain modeling can revolutionize both scientific understanding and clinical practice.

Media and Games Center of Excellence Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia

School of Engineering Monash University Selangor Malaysia

Skoda Auto University Na Karmel Mlada Boleslav Czechia

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