Characterization of anthracene metabolites produced by Armillaria sp. F022 was performed in the enzymatic system. The fungal culture was conducted in 100-mL Erlenmeyer flask containing mineral salt broth medium (20 mL) and incubated at 120 rpm for 5-30 days. The culture broth was then centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 45 min to obtain the extract. Additionally, the effect of glucose consumption, laccase activity, and biomass production in degradation of anthracene were also investigated. Approximately, 92 % of the initial concentration of anthracene was degraded within 30 days of incubation. Dynamic pattern of the biomass production was affected the laccase activity during the experiment. The biomass of the fungus increased with the increasing of laccase activity. The isolation and characterization of four metabolites indicated that the structure of anthracene was transformed by Armillaria sp. F022 in two routes. First, anthracene was oxidized to form anthraquinone, benzoic acid, and second, converted into other products, 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid and coumarin. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis also revealed that the molecular structure of anthracene was transformed by the action of the enzyme, generating a series of intermediate compounds such as anthraquinone by ring-cleavage reactions. The ligninolytic enzymes expecially free extracellular laccase played an important role in the transformation of anthracene during degradation period.

Institute of Environmental and Water Resources Management Faculty of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai Johor Malaysia

Zobrazit více v PubMed

J Microbiol. 2004 Jun;42(2):94-8 PubMed

J Hazard Mater. 2010 Oct 15;182(1-3):771-7 PubMed

J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2011 Sep;21(9):995-1000 PubMed

J Environ Sci (China). 2012;24(4):728-32 PubMed

J Environ Manage. 2012 Nov 30;111:115-9 PubMed

Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999 Jan;65(1):251-9 PubMed

J Hazard Mater. 2009 Sep 30;169(1-3):1-15 PubMed

Chemosphere. 1998 Aug;37(3):523-30 PubMed

Bioresour Technol. 2008 Jul;99(10):4515-9 PubMed

Appl Environ Microbiol. 1988 Apr;54(4):937-44 PubMed

Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998 Feb;64(2):399-404 PubMed

Bioresour Technol. 2012 Mar;107:314-8 PubMed

Bioresour Technol. 2008 May;99(7):2637-43 PubMed

Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2012 May;57(3):221-7 PubMed

Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2009 May 15;30(5):1298-305 PubMed

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2001 Oct;57(1-2):20-33 PubMed

Pak J Biol Sci. 2007 Jun 1;10(11):1804-10 PubMed