Robotic technology has been used in cardiovascular medicine since the late 1990s. Interventional cardiology, electrophysiology, endovascular surgery, minimally invasive cardiac surgery, and laparoscopic vascular surgery are all fields of application. Robotic devices enable endoscopic reconstructive surgery in narrow spaces and fast, very precise placement of catheters and devices in catheter-based interventions. In all robotic systems, the operator manipulates the robotic arms from a control station or console. In the field of cardiac surgery, mitral valve repair, CABG surgery, atrial septal defect repair, and myxoma resection can be achieved using robotic technology. Furthermore, vascular surgeons can perform a variety of robotically assisted operations to treat aortic, visceral, and peripheral artery disease. In electrophysiology, ablation procedures for atrial fibrillation can be carried out with robotic support. In the past few years, robotically assisted percutaneous coronary intervention and abdominal aortic endovascular surgery techniques have been developed. The basic feasibility and safety of robotic approaches in cardiovascular medicine has been demonstrated, but learning curves and the high costs associated with this technology have limited its widespread use. Nonetheless, increased procedural speed, accuracy, and reduced exposure to radiation and contrast agent in robotically assisted catheter-based interventions, as well as reduced surgical trauma and shortened patient recovery times after robotic cardiovascular surgery are promising achievements in the field.

Department of Vascular Surgery Na Homolce Hospital Roentgenova 2 15030 Prague 5 Czech Republic

Heart and Vascular Institute Cleveland Clinic 9500 Euclid Avenue Cleveland OH 44195 USA

Heart and Vascular Institute Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi Sowwah Square PO Box 112412 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates

Pauley Heart Center Virginia Commonwealth University Medical College of Virginia Box 980036 Cardiology Division Room 607 West Hospital Richmond VA 23298 0036 USA

Regional Vascular Unit Division of Surgery St Mary's Hospital Imperial College London Room 1003 10th Floor QEQM Building Praed Street London W2 1NY UK

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