BACKGROUND: Nitrogen starvation is known to cause drastic alterations in physiology and metabolism leading to the accumulation of lipid bodies in many microalgae, and it thus presents an important alternative for biofuel production. However, despite the importance of this process, the molecular mechanisms that mediate the metabolic remodeling induced by N starvation and especially by stress recovery are still poorly understood, and new candidates for bioengineering are needed to make this process useful for biofuel production. RESULTS: We have studied the molecular changes involved in the adaptive mechanisms to N starvation and full recovery of the vegetative cells in the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during a four-day time course. High throughput mass spectrometry was employed to integrate the proteome and the metabolome with physiological changes. N starvation led to an accumulation of oil bodies and reduced Fv/Fm.. Distinct enzymes potentially participating in the carbon-concentrating mechanism (CAH7, CAH8, PEPC1) are strongly accumulated. The membrane composition is changed, as indicated by quantitative lipid profiles. A reprogramming of protein biosynthesis was observed by increased levels of cytosolic ribosomes, while chloroplastidic were dramatically reduced. Readdition of N led to, the identification of early responsive proteins mediating stress recovery, indicating their key role in regaining and sustaining normal vegetative growth. Analysis of the data with multivariate correlation analysis, Granger causality, and sparse partial least square (sPLS) provided a functional network perspective of the molecular processes. Cell growth and N metabolism were clearly linked by the branched chain amino acids, suggesting an important role in this stress. Lipid accumulation was also tightly correlated to the COP II protein, involved in vesicle and lysosome coating, and a major lipid droplet protein. This protein, together with other key proteins mediating signal transduction and adaption (BRI1, snRKs), constitute a series of new metabolic and regulatory targets. CONCLUSIONS: This work not only provides new insights and corrects previous models by analyzing a complex dataset, but also increases our biochemical understanding of the adaptive mechanisms to N starvation in Chlamydomonas, pointing to new bioengineering targets for increased lipid accumulation, a key step for a sustainable and profitable microalgae-based biofuel production.

Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology Faculty of Life Sciences University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14 A 1090 Vienna Austria

Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology Faculty of Life Sciences University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14 A 1090 Vienna Austria ; Cyanoteam Global Change Research Center Czechglobe Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Belidla 4 603 00 Brno Czech Republic ; Present address Plant Physiology University of Oviedo Catedrático Rodrígo Uría s n E 33006 Oviedo Spain

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