Recent assessments have analyzed the health impacts of PM2.5 from emissions from different locations and sectors using simplified or reduced-form air quality models. Here we present an alternative approach using the adjoint of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, which provides source-receptor relationships at highly resolved sectoral, spatial, and temporal scales. While damage resulting from anthropogenic emissions of BC is strongly correlated with population and premature death, we found little correlation between damage and emission magnitude, suggesting that controls on the largest emissions may not be the most efficient means of reducing damage resulting from anthropogenic BC emissions. Rather, the best proxy for locations with damaging BC emissions is locations where premature deaths occur. Onroad diesel and nonroad vehicle emissions are the largest contributors to premature deaths attributed to exposure to BC, while onroad gasoline emissions cause the highest deaths per amount emitted. Emissions in fall and winter contribute to more premature deaths (and more per amount emitted) than emissions in spring and summer. Overall, these results show the value of the high-resolution source attribution for determining the locations, seasons, and sectors for which BC emission controls have the most effective health benefits.

§Nonlinear Modeling Institute of Computer Science Prague 182 07 Czech Republic

†Mechanical Engineering Department University of Colorado Boulder Colorado 80309 United States

‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Carleton University Ottawa Ontario K1S 5B6 Canada

∥Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering University of Iowa Iowa City Iowa 52242 United States

⊥Computer Science Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061 United States

■College of Computer Mathematical and Natural Sciences University of Maryland College Park Maryland 20742 United States

□Atmospheric Modeling and Analysis Division U S EPA Research Triangle Park North Carolina 27711 United States

▲School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Georgia Tech Atlanta Georgia 30332 United States

△Air Resources Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration College Park Maryland 20740 United States

◆Department of Geosciences University of Houston Houston Texas 77004 United States

◇Korea Institute of Atmospheric Prediction Systems Seoul 156 849 Republic of Korea

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A multiphase CMAQ version 5.0 adjoint