Climate change is among the most important global threats to biodiversity and mountain areas are supposed to be under especially high pressure. Although recent modelling studies suggest considerable future range contractions of montane species accompanied with increased extinction risk, data allowing to test actual population consequences of the observed climate changes and identifying traits associated to their adverse impacts are very scarce. To fill this knowledge gap, we estimated long-term population trends of montane birds from 1984 to 2011 in a central European mountain range, the Giant Mountains (Krkonoše), where significant warming occurred over this period. We then related the population trends to several species' traits related to the climate change effects. We found that the species breeding in various habitats at higher altitudes had more negative trends than species breeding at lower altitudes. We also found that the species moved upwards as a response to warming climate, and these altitudinal range shifts were associated with more positive population trends at lower altitudes than at higher altitudes. Moreover, long-distance migrants declined more than residents or species migrating for shorter distances. Taken together, these results indicate that the climate change, besides other possible environmental changes, already influences populations of montane birds with particularly adverse impacts on high-altitude species such as water pipit (Anthus spinoletta). It is evident that the alpine species, predicted to undergo serious climatically induced range contractions due to warming climate in the future, already started moving along this trajectory.

Institute for Environmental Studies Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Benátská 2 CZ 128 01 Praha 2 Czech Republic

Institute for Environmental Studies Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Benátská 2 CZ 128 01 Praha 2 Czech Republic; Institute of Vertebrate Biology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v v i Květná 8 Brno 603 65 Czech Republic; Czech Society for Ornithology Na Bělidle 34 CZ 150 00 Praha 5 Czech Republic

Krkonoše National Park Administration Dobrovského 3 CZ 543 01 Vrchlabí Czech Republic

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