Plant hormones have become appropriate candidates for driving functional plant mycorrhization programs, including the processes that regulate the formation of arbuscules in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis. Here, we examine the role played by ABA/GA interactions regulating the formation of AM in tomato. We report differences in ABA and GA metabolism between control and mycorrhizal roots. Active synthesis and catabolism of ABA occur in AM roots. GAs level increases as a consequence of a symbiosis-induced mechanism that requires functional arbuscules which in turn is dependent on a functional ABA pathway. A negative interaction in their metabolism has been demonstrated. ABA attenuates GA-biosynthetic and increases GA-catabolic gene expression leading to a reduction in bioactive GAs. Vice versa, GA activated ABA catabolism mainly in mycorrhizal roots. The negative impact of GA3 on arbuscule abundance in wild-type plants is partially offset by treatment with ABA and the application of a GA biosynthesis inhibitor rescued the arbuscule abundance in the ABA-deficient sitiens mutant. These findings, coupled with the evidence that ABA application leads to reduce bioactive GA1, support the hypothesis that ABA could act modifying bioactive GA level to regulate AM. Taken together, our results suggest that these hormones perform essential functions and antagonize each other by oppositely regulating AM formation in tomato roots.

Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems Estación Experimental del Zaidín Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Granada Spain

Institut für Botanik Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany

Laboratory of Growth Regulators Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Institute of Experimental Botany Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic v v i Palacký University Olomouc Czech Republic

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The SlDLK2 receptor, involved in the control of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, regulates hormonal balance in roots

A dual regulatory role for the arbuscular mycorrhizal master regulator RAM1 in tomato

Zaxinone synthase controls arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization level in rice