Mature berries of Pinot Noir grapevines were sampled across a latitudinal gradient in Europe, from southern Spain to central Germany. Our aim was to study the influence of latitude-dependent environmental factors on the metabolite composition (mainly phenolic compounds) of berry skins. Solar radiation variables were positively correlated with flavonols and flavanonols and, to a lesser extent, with stilbenes and cinnamic acids. The daily means of global and erythematic UV solar radiation over long periods (bud break-veraison, bud break-harvest, and veraison-harvest), and the doses and daily means in shorter development periods (5-10 days before veraison and harvest) were the variables best correlated with the phenolic profile. The ratio between trihydroxylated and monohydroxylated flavonols, which was positively correlated with antioxidant capacity, was the berry skin variable best correlated with those radiation variables. Total flavanols and total anthocyanins did not show any correlation with radiation variables. Air temperature, degree days, rainfall, and aridity indices showed fewer correlations with metabolite contents than radiation. Moreover, the latter correlations were restricted to the period veraison-harvest, where radiation, temperature, and water availability variables were correlated, making it difficult to separate the possible individual effects of each type of variable. The data show that managing environmental factors, in particular global and UV radiation, through cultural practices during specific development periods, can be useful to promote the synthesis of valuable nutraceuticals and metabolites that influence wine quality.

Agricultural and Forestry Institute of Nova Gorica Pri hrastu 18 5270 Nova Gorica Slovenia

Department of Agriculture Food and Environment and Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood Nutraceuticals and Food for Health University of Pisa via del Borghetto 80 56124 Pisa Italy

Department of Crop Sciences BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24 3430 Tulln Austria

Department of Environmental Sciences Faculty of Sciences University of Girona Campus Montilivi Maria Aurèlia Capmany i Farnés 69 17003 Girona Spain

Department Plant Quality Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Grossbeeren Erfurt e 5 Theodor Echtermeyer Weg 1 14979 Grossbeeren Germany

Faculty of Science and Technology University of La Rioja Madre de Dios 53 26006 Logroño Spain

Global Change Research Institute CAS v v i Bělidla 986 4a 60300 Brno Czech Republic

Institute for General and Organic Viticulture Geisenheim University Von Lade Strasse 1 65366 Geisenheim Germany

Institute of Biology University of Pécs Ifjúság u 6 7624 Pécs Hungary

Institute of Biometeorology National Research Council Via Caproni 8 50144 Firenze Italy

Research Institute for Viticulture and Oenology University of Pécs Pázmány P u 4 7634 Pécs Hungary

School of Biological Environmental and Earth Sciences University College Cork College Road Cork Ireland

UMR 1287 EGFV Bordeaux Sciences Agro INRA Université de Bordeaux ISVV 33882 Villenave d'Ornon France

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