Phytoestrogens and sterols in waters with cyanobacterial blooms - Analytical methods and estrogenic potencies
Language English Country England, Great Britain Media print-electronic
Document type Journal Article
PubMed
27974267
DOI
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.006
PII: S0045-6535(16)31717-9
Knihovny.cz E-resources
- Keywords
- Estrogenicity, Flavonoid, Relative estrogenic potency, Reservoir, Sterol,
- MeSH
- Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis MeSH
- Cholestadienols MeSH
- Cholesterol analogs & derivatives MeSH
- Estradiol analysis MeSH
- Estrogens analysis MeSH
- Estrone analysis MeSH
- Phytoestrogens analysis MeSH
- Phytosterols MeSH
- Genistein analysis MeSH
- HeLa Cells MeSH
- Isoflavones analysis MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Receptors, Estrogen metabolism MeSH
- Cyanobacteria drug effects metabolism MeSH
- Sitosterols analysis MeSH
- Fresh Water MeSH
- Sterols analysis MeSH
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry MeSH
- Water MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Names of Substances
- biochanin A MeSH Browser
- brassicasterol MeSH Browser
- campesterol MeSH Browser
- Water Pollutants, Chemical MeSH
- Cholestadienols MeSH
- Cholesterol MeSH
- daidzein MeSH Browser
- Estradiol MeSH
- Estrogens MeSH
- Estrone MeSH
- formononetin MeSH Browser
- Phytoestrogens MeSH
- Phytosterols MeSH
- gamma-sitosterol MeSH Browser
- Genistein MeSH
- Isoflavones MeSH
- Receptors, Estrogen MeSH
- Sitosterols MeSH
- Sterols MeSH
- Water MeSH
Compounds with estrogenic potencies and their adverse effects in surface waters have received much attention. Both anthropogenic and natural compounds contribute to overall estrogenic activity in freshwaters. Recently, estrogenic potencies were also found to be associated with cyanobacteria and their blooms in surface waters. The present study developed and compared the solid phase extraction and LC-MS/MS analytical approaches for determination of phytoestrogens (8 flavonoids - biochanin A, coumestrol, daidzein, equol, formononetin, genistein, naringenin, apigenin - and 5 sterols - ergosterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, brassicasterol) and cholesterol in water. The method was used for analyses of samples collected in stagnant water bodies dominated by different cyanobacterial species. Concentrations of individual flavonoids ranged from below the limit of detection to 3.58 ng/L. Sterols were present in higher amounts up to 2.25 μg/L. Biological potencies of these phytoestrogens in vitro were characterized using the hERα-HeLa-9903 cell line. The relative estrogenic potencies (compared to model estrogen - 17β-estradiol) of flavonoids ranged from 2.25E-05 to 1.26E-03 with coumestrol being the most potent. None of the sterols elicited estrogenic response in the used bioassay. Estrogenic activity was detected in collected field water samples (maximum effect corresponding to 2.07 ng/L of 17β-estradiol equivalents, transcriptional assay). At maximum phytoestrogens accounted for only 1.56 pg/L of 17β-estradiol equivalents, contributing maximally 8.5% of the total estrogenicity of the water samples. Other compounds therefore, most likely of anthropogenic origin such as steroid estrogens, are probably the major drivers of total estrogenic effects in these surface waters.
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