This paper presents the results of a consensus-driven process identifying 50 priority research questions for historical ecology obtained through crowdsourcing, literature reviews, and in-person workshopping. A deliberative approach was designed to maximize discussion and debate with defined outcomes. Two in-person workshops (in Sweden and Canada) over the course of two years and online discussions were peer facilitated to define specific key questions for historical ecology from anthropological and archaeological perspectives. The aim of this research is to showcase the variety of questions that reflect the broad scope for historical-ecological research trajectories across scientific disciplines. Historical ecology encompasses research concerned with decadal, centennial, and millennial human-environmental interactions, and the consequences that those relationships have in the formation of contemporary landscapes. Six interrelated themes arose from our consensus-building workshop model: (1) climate and environmental change and variability; (2) multi-scalar, multi-disciplinary; (3) biodiversity and community ecology; (4) resource and environmental management and governance; (5) methods and applications; and (6) communication and policy. The 50 questions represented by these themes highlight meaningful trends in historical ecology that distill the field down to three explicit findings. First, historical ecology is fundamentally an applied research program. Second, this program seeks to understand long-term human-environment interactions with a focus on avoiding, mitigating, and reversing adverse ecological effects. Third, historical ecology is part of convergent trends toward transdisciplinary research science, which erodes scientific boundaries between the cultural and natural.

Atlohsa Native Family Healing Services Canada London Ontario Canada

Department of Anthropology Rice University Houston Texas United States of America

Department of Anthropology Stanford University Stanford California United States of America

Department of Anthropology University California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California United States of America

Department of Anthropology University of Maryland College Park Maryland United States of America

Department of Anthropology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina United States of America

Department of Anthropology University of Northern British Columbia Prince George British Columbia Canada

Department of Anthropology University of Victoria Victoria British Columbia Canada

Department of Archaeology and Ancient History Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden

Department of Archaeology Simon Fraser University Vancouver British Columbia Canada

Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Alberta Canada

Department of Botany University of Wisconsin Madison Madison Wisconsin United States of America

Department of Geography Western University London Ontario Canada

Department of History Simon Fraser University Vancouver British Columbia Canada

Department of Vegetation Ecology Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic

Hakai Institute Heriot Bay Quadra Island British Columbia Canada

Independent Scholar Seattle Washington United States of America

Institute of Archaeology University College London London United Kingdom

Integrated History of Future of People on Earth Initiative Uppsala Sweden

Polish German Research Institute Adams Mickiewicz University in Poznań European University Viadrina Poland Germany

School of Geography Archaeology and Environmental Studies University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa

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The practice of historical ecology: What, when, where, how and what for