CONTEXT: Coleonema album (Thunb) Bart. & H. L. Wendl (Rutaceae) has been used in the formulation of skincare products, and the Khoisan people rub it on their skin to add luster. Coleonema pulchellum I. Williams has received less attention in the South African traditional medicine. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the antifungal and antioxidant activities of C. album and C. pulchellum essential oil (EO) and leaf extracts; and analyzes the chemical components of their EOs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Antifungal activity of leaf extracts was determined using the microdilution method with griseofulvin and ketoconazole as controls. Antifungal capacity of EO was investigated using the 'Volatile release plate method'. Trichophyton rubrum (ATCC 28188) and T. mentagrophytes (ATCC 9533) mycelia (0.3 cm diameter) were placed on fresh yeast malt agar in Petri dishes with filter paper (impregnated with 20 μL of EO) on the lid for direct exposure to EO volatiles while plates without EO were used as controls. The incubation time was seven days. Antioxidant activities of the leaf extracts were determined. RESULTS: Methanol leaf extract of C. pulchellum inhibited the growth of three fungi tested with MIC values of 195, 391 and 49 μg/mL for Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum, respectively. Terpenes formed the major components of the EO. The EO from both plants inhibited the growth of T. rubrum in vitro. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study revealed the therapeutic value of C. pulchellum. Coleonema album and C. pulchellum should be considered as potential plants for skin ointment from natural origin.

b Laboratory of Growth Regulators and Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Faculty of Science Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany Olomouc Czech Republic

c Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Central Laboratories and Research Support Faculty of Science Palacký University Olomouc Czech Republic

Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables Medicinal and Special Plants Crop Research Institute Olomouc Czech Republic

Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu Natal Pietermaritzburg Scottsville South Africa

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Al Burtamani SK, Fatope MO, Marwah RG, Onifade AK, Alsaidi SH.. 2005. Chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal activities of the essential oil of Haplophyllum tuberculatum from Oman. J Ethnopharmacol. 96:107–112. PubMed

Alexander M.2001. Aromatherapy & immunity: how the use of essential oil aids immune potentiality: part 3 immune responses to inflammation and essential oils useful in inhibiting them. Int J Aromather. 11:220–224.

Başer KHC, Demirci B, Özek T, Viljoen AM, Victor JE.. 2006. Composition of the essential oils of five Coleonema species from South Africa. J Essent Oil Res. 18:26–29.

Baskaran P, Moyo M, Van Staden J.. 2014. In vitro plant regeneration, phenolic compound production and pharmacological activities of Coleonema pulchellum. S Afr J Bot. 90:74–79.

Baylac S, Racine P.. 2003. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase by essential oils and other natural fragrant extracts. Int J Aromather. 13:138–142.

Bhagra S, Ganju SA, Sood A, Guleria RC, Kanga AK.. 2013. Microsporum gypseum dermatophytosis in a patient of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a rare case report. Indian J Med Microbiol. 31:295–298. PubMed

Braconi D, Bernardini G, Santucci A.. 2010. Post-genomics and skin inflammation (review article). Mediat Inflamm. 2010:1–12. PubMed PMC

Brader G, Bacher M, Hofer O, Greger H.. 1997. Prenylated phenylpropenes from Coleonema pulchellum with antimicrobial activity. Phytochemistry. 45:1207–1212. PubMed

Briganti S, Picardo M.. 2003. Antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation and skin diseases. What's new. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 17:663–669. PubMed

Brophy JJ, Lassak EV.. 1986. Volatile leaf oil of Coleonema pulchellum I. Williams (Rutaceae). Flavour Frag J. 1:155–157.

Candi E, Schmidt R, Melino G.. 2005. The cornified envelope: a model of cell death in the skin. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 6:328–340. PubMed

Catalá A.2009. Lipid peroxidation of membrane phospholipids generates hydroxy-alkenals and oxidized phospholipids active in physiological and/or pathological conditions. Chem Phys Lipids. 157:1–11. PubMed

Chisolm GM, Steinberg D.. 2000. The oxidative modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: an overview. Free Radic Biol Med. 8:1815–1826. PubMed

Clinical Laboratory Standards 2002. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi. Approved standard M38-A. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, Pennysylvia.

Deigner HP, Hermetter A.. 2008. Oxidized phospholipids: emerging lipid mediators in pathophysiology. Curr Opin Lipidol. 19:289–294. PubMed

Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW.. 2002. Antioxidants in photosynthesis and human nutrition. Science. 298:2149–2153. PubMed

Dreyer DL, Pickering MV, Cohan P.. 1972. Distribution of limnoids in the Rutaceae. Phytochemistry. 11:705–713.

Eldeen IMS, Van Staden J.. 2008. Anti-inflammatory and mycobacterial activity of leaf extracts of Coleonema album. S Afr J Bot. 74:345–347.

Esterhuizen LL, Meyer R, Dubery I.. 2006b. Antioxidant activity of metabolites from Coleonema album (Rutaceae). Nat Prod Commun. 1:367–375.

Esterhuizen LL, Meyer R, Dubery IA.. 2006a. Antimicrobial compounds from Coleonema album (Rutaceae). Z Naturforsch C. 61:489–498. PubMed

Fajinmi OO, Amoo SO, Finnie JF, Van Staden J.. 2014. Optimization of in vitro propagation of Coleonema album, a highly utilized medicinal and ornamental plant. S Afr J Bot. 94:9–13.

Fajinmi OO, Kulkarni MG, Finnie JF, Van Staden J.. 2013. Factors influencing seed germination of Coleonema album – an aromatic and medicinal plant. Seed Sci Technol. 41:303–309.

Fernandes CN, Lamy F, Akiti T, Barreiros MG.. 1998. Microsporum gypseum infection in AIDS patient: a case report. J An Bras Dermatol. 73:39–41.

Goodman DS, Telplitz ED, Wilshner A, Klein RS, Burk PG, Hershenbaum E.. 1987. Prevalence of cutaneous disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS related complex. J Amer Acad Dermatol. 17:210–220. PubMed

Gray AI, Waterman PG.. 1978. Coumarins in the Rutaceae. Phytochemistry. 17:845–864.

Gray AI.1981. New coumarins from Coleonema album. Phytochemistry. 20:1711–1713.

Gutteridge JMC.1988. Lipid peroxidation: some problems and concepts, In: Halliwell B, editor. Oxygen radicals and tissue injury. USA: FASEB; p. 9–19.

Halliwell B, Aruoma OI.. 1991. DNA damage by oxygen-derived species. Its mechanism and measurement in mammalian systems. FEBS Lett. 281:9–19. PubMed

Havlickova B, Czaika VA, Friedrich M.. 2008. Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide. Mycoses. 51:2–15. PubMed

Heim KE, Tagliaferro AR, Bobilya DJ.. 2002. Flavonoid antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. J Nutr Biochem. 13:572–584. PubMed

Heinecke JW.1998. Oxidants and antioxidants in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: implications for the oxidized low density lipoprotein hypothesis. Atherosclerosis. 141:1–15. PubMed

Ho KM, Wong KH.. 2001. Dermatologic manifestations in HIV disease In: Chan KCW, Wong KH, Lee SS, editors. HIV Manual. Hong Kong: Integrated Treatment Centre, Special Preventive Programmes, Department of Health; p. 231–245.

Hoult JRS, Paya M.. 1996. Pharmacological and biochemical actions of simple coumarins: natural products with therapeutic potential. Gen Pharmacol. 27:713–722. PubMed

Howell MD, Kim BE, Gao P, Grant AV, Boguniewicz M, Debenedetto A, Schneider L, Beck LA, Barnes KC, Leung DY.. 2009. Cytokine modulation of atopic dermatitis filaggrin skin expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 124:7–12. PubMed

Karamanos AJ, Sotiropoulou DEK.. 2013. Field studies of nitrogen application on Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare) essential oil during two cultivation seasons. Ind Crop Prod. 46:246–252.

Kayser O, Kolodziej H.. 1999. Antibacterial activity of simple coumarins: structural requirements for biological activity. Z Naturforsch C. 54:169–174. PubMed

Kostova I.2006. Synthetic and natural coumarins as antioxidants. Mini Rev Med Chem. 6:365–374. PubMed

Kruk J, Duchnik E.. 2014. Oxidative stress and skin diseases: possible role of physical activity. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 15:561–568. PubMed

Laurin P, Ferroud D, Klich M, Dupuis-Hamelin C, Mauvais P, Lassaigne P, Bonnefoy A, Musicki B.. 1999. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of novel highly potent coumarin inhibitors of gyrase B. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 19:2079–2084. PubMed

Liebenberg L.2008. Evaluation of biologically active compounds in Coleonema album. [Masters Degree Dissertation]. South Africa: University of Johanessburg.

Lis-Balchin M, Hart S.. 2002. Coleonema album: studies of the pharmacological action on smooth muscle in vitro and antimicrobial action of its essential oil. Phytother Res. 16:292–294. PubMed

Lü ZR, Kim WS, Cho IH, Park D, Bhak J, Shi L, Zhou HW, Lee DY, Park YD, Yang JM, et al. . 2009. DNA microarray analyses and interactomic predictions for atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci. 55:123–125. PubMed

Marenholz I, Nickel R, Rüschendorf F, Schulz F, Esparza-Gordillo J, Kerscher T, Grüber C, Lau S, Worm M, Keil T, et al. . 2006. Filaggrin loss-of-function mutations predispose to phenotypes involved in the atopic march. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 118:866–871. PubMed

Martinez-Cayuela M.1995. Oxygen free radicals and human disease. Biochimica. 77:147–161. PubMed

Moure A, Cruz JM, Franco D, Dominquez JM, Sineiro J, Dominquez H, Nunez MJ, Parajo JC.. 2001. Natural antioxidants from residual sources. Food Chem. 72:145–171.

National Aids and STI Control Program 2008. Dermatological manifestations of the HIV disease. In: National manual for the management of HIV-related opportunistic infections and conditions. Baltech Equipments Limited., Kenya, pp. 67–72.

Nguyen T, Brunson D, Crespi CL, Penman BW, Wishnok JS, Tannenbaum SR.. 1992. DNA damage and mutation in human cells exposed to nitric oxide in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:3030–3034. PubMed PMC

Niki E.2009. Lipid peroxidation: physiological levels and dual biological effects. Free Radic Biol Med. 47:469–484. PubMed

Okunade AL, Elvin-Lewis MPF, Lewis WH.. 2004. Natural antimycobacterial metabolites: current status. Phytochemistry. 65:1017–1032. PubMed

Ou B, Hampsch-Woodill M, Prior RL.. 2001. Development and validation of an improved oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay using fluorescein as the fluorescent probe. J Agric Food Chem. 49:4619–4626. PubMed

Palmer CNA, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Zhao Y, Liao H, Lee SP, Goudie DR, Sandilands A, Campbell LE, Smith FJ, et al. . 2006. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet. 38:441–446. PubMed

Pandey A, Pandey M.. 2013. Isolation and characterization of dermatophytes with Tinea infections at Gwalior (MP), India. Int J Pharm Sci Invent. 2:5–8.

Preedy VR.2015. Essential oil in food preservation, flavour and safety. 1st ed.London: Academic Press.

Rhind JP.2012. Aromatherapeutic blending: Essential oils in synergy. 1st ed.London: Singing Dragon.

Rice-Evans CA, Burdon RH.. 1994. Free radical damage and its control. 1st ed.Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.

Rudikoff D.2002. The relationship between HIV infection and atopic dermatitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2:275–281. PubMed

Schafer M, Farwanah H, Willrodt A, Huebner AJ, Sandhoff K, Roop D, Hohl D, Bloch W, Werner S.. 2012. Nrf2 links epidermal barrier function with antioxidant defense. EMBO Mol Med. 4:364–379. PubMed PMC

Sharma N, Tripathi A.. 2006. Fungitoxicity of the essential oil of Citrus sinensis on post-harvest pathogens. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 22:587–593.

Sivaranjani N, Rao VS, Rajeev G.. 2013. Role of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in atopic dermatitis. J Clin Diagn Res. 7:2683–2685. PubMed PMC

Soares LA, De Cássia J, Sardi O, Gullo FP, De Souza NP, Scorzoni L, Leite FS, Soares MJ, Giannini M, Almeida AMF.. 2013. Anti dermatophytic therapy-prospects for the discovery of new drugs from natural products. Braz J Microbiol. 44:1035–1041. PubMed PMC

Stadtman ER.1994. Protein modification in oxidative stress In: Paoletti R, Samuelsson B, Catapano AL, Poli A, Rinetti M, editors. Oxidative processes and antioxidants. New York: Raven Press; p. 117–134.

Thestrup PK.2000. Clinical aspects of atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 25:535–543. PubMed

Thiele JJ.2001. Oxidative targets in the stratum corneum. A new basis for antioxidative strategies. Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol. 14:87–91. PubMed

Trouba KJ, Hamadeh HK, Amin RP, Germolec DR.. 2002. Oxidative stress and its role in skin disease. Antioxid Redox Signal. 4:665–673. PubMed

Tse ICT.2007. Dermatologic manifestations in HIV disease In: Lee SS, Wu JCY, Wong K, editors, HIV Manual 2007. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government; p. 231–245.

Van Wyk B-E, Gericke N.. 2000. People's plants. A guide to useful plants of Southern Africa. 1st ed.Briza, Pretoria, South Africa: Briza Publications.

Wagener FADTG, Carels CE, Lundvig DMS.. 2013. Targeting the redox balance in inflammatory skin conditions: review. Int J Mol Sci. 14:9126–9167. PubMed PMC

Weidinger S, Illig T, Baurecht H, Irvine AD, Rodriguez E, Diaz-Lacava A, Klopp N, Wagenpfeil S, Zhao Y, Liao H, et al. . 2006. Loss-of-function variations within the filaggrin gene predispose for atopic dermatitis with allergic sensitizations. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 118:214–219. PubMed

Wink DA, Kasprzak KS, Maragos CM, Elespuru RK, Misra M, Dunams TM, Cebula TA, Koch WH, Andrew AW, et al. . 1991. DNA deaminating ability and genotoxicity of nitric oxide and its progenitors. Science. 254:1001–1003. PubMed

Wood WF, Weldon PJ.. 2002. The scent of the reticulate giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata). Biochem Syst Ecol. 30:913–917.

Yasser AS, Nabil HO.. 2012. Anti-inflammatory new coumarin from the Ammi majus L. Org Med Chem Lett. 2:1–4. PubMed PMC