Agricultural intensification is a leading cause of global biodiversity loss, which can reduce the provisioning of ecosystem services in managed ecosystems. Organic farming and plant diversification are farm management schemes that may mitigate potential ecological harm by increasing species richness and boosting related ecosystem services to agroecosystems. What remains unclear is the extent to which farm management schemes affect biodiversity components other than species richness, and whether impacts differ across spatial scales and landscape contexts. Using a global metadataset, we quantified the effects of organic farming and plant diversification on abundance, local diversity (communities within fields), and regional diversity (communities across fields) of arthropod pollinators, predators, herbivores, and detritivores. Both organic farming and higher in-field plant diversity enhanced arthropod abundance, particularly for rare taxa. This resulted in increased richness but decreased evenness. While these responses were stronger at local relative to regional scales, richness and abundance increased at both scales, and richness on farms embedded in complex relative to simple landscapes. Overall, both organic farming and in-field plant diversification exerted the strongest effects on pollinators and predators, suggesting these management schemes can facilitate ecosystem service providers without augmenting herbivore (pest) populations. Our results suggest that organic farming and plant diversification promote diverse arthropod metacommunities that may provide temporal and spatial stability of ecosystem service provisioning. Conserving diverse plant and arthropod communities in farming systems therefore requires sustainable practices that operate both within fields and across landscapes.

AgResearch Lincoln Research Centre Christchurch New Zealand

Agroecology University of Goettingen Göttingen Germany

Alberta Environment and Parks Regional Planning Branch Edmonton AB Canada

Center for Ecology Evolution and Environmental Changes Faculdade de Ciencias Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal

Centre for Agri Environmental Research School of Agriculture Policy and Development University of Reading Reading UK

Centre for Environmental and Climate Research Lund University Lund Sweden

Centres for the Study of Agriculture Food and Environment University of Otago Dunedin New Zealand

CORPOICA Centro de Investigación Obonuco Pasto Colombia

CSIRO Acton ACT Australia

Departamento de Ecologia Universidade de Brasília Brasília Brazil

Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Federal do Ceará Fortaleza CE Brazil

Department of Agricultural Resource Management Embu University College Embu Kenya

Department of Agricultural Technology University of Puerto Rico at Utuado Utuado PR USA

Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology Biocenter University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany

Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada

Department of Biology Lund University Lund Sweden

Department of Crop Science Research Institute of Organic Agriculture Frick Switzerland

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology The University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA

Department of Ecology Evolution and Natural Resources Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ USA

Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden

Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California Davis CA USA

Department of Entomology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA

Department of Entomology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA

Department of Entomology Plant Pathology and Nematology University of Idaho Moscow ID USA

Department of Entomology Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center Washington State University Wenatchee WA USA

Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin Madison Madison WI USA

Department of Entomology Washington State University Pullman WA USA

Department of Environmental Sciences Policy and Management University of California Berkeley CA USA

Department of Environmental Studies University of California Santa Cruz CA USA

Department of Evolutionary Ecology Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales CSIC Madrid Spain

Department of Humanities and Integrated Studies University of North Dakota Grand Forks ND USA

Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA

Department of Landscape Ecology Kiel University Kiel Germany

Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology University of Torino Torino Italy

Department of Physical Geography Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden

Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Palacký University Olomouc Czech Republic

Global Lands Program The Nature Conservancy Fort Collins CO USA

Institute for Land Water and Society Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia

Natural Capital Project Stanford University Stanford CA USA

Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources University of Freiburg Freiburg Germany

Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group Wageningen University Wageningen the Netherlands

NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Wallingford UK

Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Trondheim Norway

Pollinator Partnership Canada Victoria BC Canada

School of Biological Sciences University of Bristol Bristol UK

Terrestrial Ecology Research Group Department for Ecology and Ecosystem Management School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan Technical University of Munich Freising Germany

University of California Cooperative Extension San Mateo and San Francisco Counties Half Moon Bay CA USA

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