The biodiversity impacts of agricultural deforestation vary widely across regions. Previous efforts to explain this variation have focused exclusively on the landscape features and management regimes of agricultural systems, neglecting the potentially critical role of ecological filtering in shaping deforestation tolerance of extant species assemblages at large geographical scales via selection for functional traits. Here we provide a large-scale test of this role using a global database of species abundance ratios between matched agricultural and native forest sites that comprises 71 avian assemblages reported in 44 primary studies, and a companion database of 10 functional traits for all 2,647 species involved. Using meta-analytic, phylogenetic and multivariate methods, we show that beyond agricultural features, filtering by the extent of natural environmental variability and the severity of historical anthropogenic deforestation shapes the varying deforestation impacts across species assemblages. For assemblages under greater environmental variability-proxied by drier and more seasonal climates under a greater disturbance regime-and longer deforestation histories, filtering has attenuated the negative impacts of current deforestation by selecting for functional traits linked to stronger deforestation tolerance. Our study provides a previously largely missing piece of knowledge in understanding and managing the biodiversity consequences of deforestation by agricultural deforestation.

Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment Bengaluru India

British Trust for Ornithology Norfolk UK

Center for Integrative Conservation Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Menglun China

Centre for Biodiversity Information Development Strathmore University Nairobi Kenya

Centre for Ecological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India

Centre for Nature based Climate Solutions National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore

Centre of Biological Diversity University of St Andrews St Andrews Scotland

College of Life Science University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Department of Behavioural Ecology Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań Poland

Department of Biological Applications and Technology University of Ioannina Ioannina Greece

Department of Bird Migration Swiss Ornithological Institute Sempach Switzerland

Department of Botany State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart Stuttgart Germany

Department of Earth System Science Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling Institute for Global Change Studies Tsinghua University Beijing China

Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences University of Tuscia Viterbo Italy

Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA USA

Department of Health and Environmental Science Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University Suzhou China

Department of Life and Environmental Sciences Bournemouth University Poole UK

Department of Life Sciences Faculty of Science and Technology University of the West Indies St Augustine Trinidad and Tobago

Division of Biological Sciences University of Montana Missoula MT USA

Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Helsinki Lahti Finland

Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia

Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague Czech Republic

Fenner School of Environment and Society Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia

Global Conservation Program Wildlife Conservation Society Bronx NY USA

Group for Conservation Biology DOPPS BirdLife Slovenia Ljubljana Slovenia

HUN REN DE Anthropocene Ecology Research Group University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary

Institut de Recherche pour le Développement UMR SENS IRD CIRAD Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Université de Montpellier Montpellier France

Institute of Animal Ecology and Systematic Zoology Justus Liebig University of Gießen Giessen Germany

Institute of Applied Ecology Fujian University of Agriculture and Forestry Fuzhou China

Institute of Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Research Dali University Dali China

Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Beijing China

Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Instituto de Ecología Regional CONICET Universidad Nacional de Tucumán Tucumán Argentina

Investigadoras e Investigadores por México del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología Dirección Regional Occidente Mexico City Mexico

Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology Kunming Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming China

Laboratorio de Ecología de Organismos Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia Tunja Colombia

MED Department of Biology School of Sciences and Technology University of Évora Évora Portugal

MED University of Évora Évora Portugal

Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asia Migratory Birds Tsinghua University Beijing China

National Parks Board Singapore Singapore

NCX San Francisco CA USA

Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service Amherst MA USA

Ornithology Section Zoology Department National Museums of Kenya Nairobi Kenya

School of Environment and Science Griffith University Brisbane Queensland Australia

School of Natural Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia

School of Public and International Affairs and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA

Shikoku Research Center Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Kochi Japan

Tsinghua University Xi'an Institute of Surveying and Mapping Joint Research Center for Next Generation Smart Mapping Beijing China

Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources University of Georgia Athens GA USA

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