Low-molecular-weight mannogalactofucans (LMMGFs, <4000g/mol) were prepared by the enzymatic degradation of Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll galactofucan (MF) and evaluated or their antiviral activities and underlying action mechanisms against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of LMMGFs and MF were 2.64 and 2.42μg/mL, respectively. LMMGFs inhibited the viral entry on the host cell surface and also exhibited inhibitory activity directly against viral particles, as observed in a virucidal assay. LMMGFs dose-dependently enhanced the mRNA expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and stimulated the phosphorylation of Akt and JNK in Vero cells. These results clearly demonstrated that LMMGFs use TLR2 as their receptor, preventing HSV-1 infection on the host cell surface and antagonizing viral adsorption via TLR2 pathway activation in Vero cells.

Department of Biomedical Science and Technology College of Veterinary Medicine Konkuk University Seoul 05029 Korea

Department of Biotechnology The Catholic University of Korea Bucheon Gyeonggi do 14662 Korea

Department of Biotechnology The Catholic University of Korea Bucheon Gyeonggi do 14662 Korea; Biocenter Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator Suwon Gyeonngi do 16229 Korea

Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals University of Chemical Technology Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic

Department of Microbiology College of Medicine Kon Kuk University Seoul 05029 Korea

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Low Molecular Weight Mannogalactofucans Derived from Undaria pinnatifida Induce Apoptotic Death of Human Prostate Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo