Reciprocal selective pressures can drive coevolutionary changes in parasites and hosts, and result in parasites that are highly specialized to their hosts. Selection and host co-adaptation are better understood in endoparasites than in ectoparasites, whose life cycles may be more loosely linked to that of their hosts. Blood-feeding ectoparasites use salivary proteins to prevent haemostasis in the host, and maximize energy intake. Here we looked for signals of selection in salivary protein genes of ectoparasite species from a single genus (Cimex) that associate with a range of hosts including mammals (bats and humans) and birds (swallows). We analysed two genes that code for salivary proteins that inhibit platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction and may directly affect the efficiency of blood feeding in these species. Significant positive selection was detected at five codons in one gene in all bat-associated species groups. Our results suggest association with bats, versus humans or swallows, has posed a selective pressure on the salivary apyrase gene in species of Cimex.

Department of Biological Sciences Western Michigan University 1903 W Michigan Avenue Kalamazoo MI 49008 5410 USA

Department of Biology University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo Ontario CanadaN2L 3G1

Department of Biology University of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario CanadaN6A 3K7

Department of Ecology Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Kamýcká 129 165 00 Praha 6 Suchdol Czech Republic

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