Silver linden flowers contain different pectins (PSI-PSIII) with immunomodulating properties. PSI is a low-esterified pectic polysaccharide with predominant homogalacturonan region, followed by rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI) with arabinogalactan II and RGII (traces) domains. PSII and PSIII are unusual glucuronidated RGI polymers. PSIII is a unique high molecular weight RGI, having almost completely O-3 glucuronidated GalA units with >30% O-3 acetylation at the Rha units. Linden pectins induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NO generation from non-stimulated whole blood phagocytes and macrophages, resp., but suppressed OZP-(opsonized zymosan particles)-activated ROS generation, LPS-induced iNOS expression and NO production. This dual mode of action suggests their anti-inflammatory activity, which is known for silver linden extracts. PSI expressed the highest complement fixation and macrophage-stimulating activities and was active on intestinal Peyer's patch cells. PSIII was active on non-stimulated neutrophils, as it induced ß2-integrin expression, revealing that acetylated and highly glucuronidated RGI exhibits immunomodulating properties via phagocytes.

Department of Biotechnology University of Food Technologies 26 Maritza Blvd BG 4002 Plovdiv Bulgaria

Department of Chemistry University of Oslo P O Box 1033 Blindern NO 0315 Oslo Norway

Department of Developmental Biology Plovdiv University Paisii Hilendarski 24 Tsar Assen Str BG 4000 Plovdiv Bulgaria

Department of Drug Discovery Science Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences Kitasato University 5 9 1 Shirokane Minato ku JP 108 8641 Tokyo Japan

Department of Free Radical Pathophysiology Institute of Biophysics Czech Academy of Sciences 135 Kralovopolska CZ 612 65 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Free Radical Pathophysiology Institute of Biophysics Czech Academy of Sciences 135 Kralovopolska CZ 612 65 Brno Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering St Anne's University Hospital Brno 53 Pekarska CZ 656 91 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry School of Pharmacy University of Oslo P O Box 1068 Blindern NO 0316 Oslo Norway

Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 139 Ruski Blvd BG 4000 Plovdiv Bulgaria; Innovative Technological Center Ltd 20 Dr G M Dimitrov Str BG 4000 Plovdiv Bulgaria

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