Honeybee losses have been attributed to multiple stressors and factors including the neonicotinoid insecticides (NIs). Much of the study of hive contamination has been focused upon temperate regions such as Europe, Canada and the United States. This study looks for the first time at honey, pollen and bees collected from across the Nile Delta in Egypt in both the spring and summer planting season of 2013. There is limited information upon the frequency of use of NIs in Egypt but the ratio of positive identification and concentrations of NIs are comparable to other regions. Metabolites of NIs were also monitored but given the low detection frequency, no link between matrices was possible in the study. Using a simple hazard assessment based upon published LD50 values for individual neonicotinoids upon the foraging and brood workers it was found that there was a potential risk to brood workers if the lowest reported LD50 was compared to the sum of the maximum NI concentrations. For non-lethal exposure there was significant risk at the worst case to brood bees but actual exposure effects are dependant upon the genetics and conditions of the Egyptian honeybee subspecies that remain to be determined.

Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada

Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA

Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Tanta University Tanta 31527 Egypt

Meadow Ridge Enterprises LTD Saskatoon SK S7K 3J9 Canada

Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment Masaryk University Kamenice 753 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

School of Biological Sciences University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China

State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse School of the Environment Nanjing University Nanjing People's Republic of China

Toxicology Centre University of Saskatchewan 44 Campus Drive Saskatoon SK S7N 5B3 Canada

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