In the study of lime as the basic component of historical mortars and plasters, four lime putties prepared from various kinds of lime of various granulometry and by various ways of preparation were evaluated. The rheological properties and micro-morphologic changes, growing of calcite crystals, and rate of carbonation were monitored. The lime putty prepared from lump lime achieves the best rheological properties, yield stress 214.7 Pa and plastic viscosity 2.6 Pa·s. The suitability of this lime putty was checked by testing the development of calcium hydroxide and calcite crystals using scanning electron microscopy and environmental scanning electron microscopy. The disordered crystals of calcium hydroxide exhibit better carbonation resulting in the large crystals of calcite; therefore, the mortar prepared from the lump lime has the highest flexural strength and compressive strength 0.8/2.5 MPa, its carbonation is the fastest and exhibits the longest durability. Also, thanks to the micro-morphological characterization of samples in their native state by means of environmental scanning electron microscopy, the new way of lime putty preparation by mixing was proven. The preparation consists in the mechanical crash of the lime particles immediately after hydration. This enables the properties of putty prepared from lump lime to be nearly reached.

Institute of Chemistry Faculty of Civil Engineering Brno University of Technology Brno 602 00 Czech Republic

Lhoist Lime kiln Čertovy schody a s Tmaň 267 21 Czech Republic

The Czech Academy of Science Institute of Scientific Instruments Brno 612 64 Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Kotík, P. et al. Lime, first ed., Society of Technology of Architectural Heritage, Prague, 2001 (76 pages), ISBN 80-902668-8-6 (In Czech).

Kemperl J, Maček J. Precipitation of calcium carbonate from hydrated lime of variable reactivity, granulation and optical properties. J. Miner. Process. 2009;93:84–88. doi: 10.1016/j.minpro.2009.05.006. DOI

Commandré JM, Salvador S, Nzihou A. Reactivity of laboratory and industrial limes. Chem. Eng. Res. Design. 2007;85:473–480. doi: 10.1205/cherd06200. DOI

Chiaia B, Fantilli AP, Ventura G. A chemo-mechanical model of lime hydration in concrete structures. Constr. Build. Mater. 2012;29:308–315. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.013. DOI

Potgieter HJ, Potgieter SS, Moja SJ, Maluba-bafubiandi A. An empirical study of factors influencing lime slaking. Part I: production and storage conditions. Miner. Eng. 2002;15:201–203. doi: 10.1016/S0892-6875(02)00008-0. DOI

Shi H, Zhao Y, Li W. Effects of temperature on the hydration characteristic of free lime. Cem. Concr. Res. 2002;32:789–793. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00714-7. DOI

Giles DE, Ritchie IM, Xu BA. The kinetics of dissolution of slaked lime. Hydrometallurgy. 1993;32:119–128. doi: 10.1016/0304-386X(93)90061-H. DOI

Whittington BI. The chemistry of CaO and Ca(OH)2 relating to the Bayer process. Hydrometallurgy. 1996;43:13–35. doi: 10.1016/0304-386X(96)00009-6. DOI

Moropoulou A, Bakolas A, Aggelakopoulou E. The effects of limestone characteristics and calcination temperature to the reactivity of the quicklime. Cem. Concr. Res. 2001;31:633–639. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00490-7. DOI

Rosell JR, Haurie L, Navarro A, Cantalapiedra IR. Influence of the traditional slaking process on the lime putty characteristics. Constr. Build. Mater. 2014;55:423–430. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.007. DOI

Rodrigues-Navarro C, Hansen E, Ginell WS. Calcium hydroxide crystal evolution upon aging of lime putty. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1998;81:3032–3034. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02735.x. DOI

Cardoso FA, Fernandes HC, Pileggi RF, Cincotto MA, John VM. Carbide lime and industrial hydrated lime characterization. Powder Technol. 2009;195:143–149. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2009.05.017. DOI

Cizer Ő, Van Balen K, Elsen J, Van Gemert D. Real-time investigation of reaction rate and mineral phase modifications of lime carbonation. Constr. Build. Mater. 2012;35:741–751. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.036. DOI

Romagnoli M, Gualtieri ML, Hanuskova M, Rattazzi A, Polodoro C. Effect of drying method on the specific surface area of hydrated lime: A statistical approach. Powder Technol. 2013;246:504–5010. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.06.009. DOI

Mascolo G, Mascolo MC, Vitale A, Marino O. Microstructure evolution of lime putty upon aging. J. Cryst. Growth. 2010;312:2363–2368. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2010.05.020. DOI

Atzeni C, Farci A, Floris D, Meloni P. Effect of aging on rheological properties of lime putty. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2004;87:1746–1766. doi: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2004.01764.x. DOI

Ruiz-Agudo E, Rodriguez-Navarro C. Microstructure and Rheology of Lime Putty. Langmuir. 2010;26:3868–3877. doi: 10.1021/la903430z. PubMed DOI

Paiva H, Velosa A, Veiga R, Ferreira VM. Effect of maturation time on the fresh and hardened properties of an air lime mortar. Cem. Concr. Res. 2010;40:447–451. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.09.016. DOI

Margalha G, Veiga R, de Brito J. Traditional methods of mortar preparation: The hot lime mix method. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2011;33:469–804. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.05.008. DOI

Neděla V, Tihlaříková E, Hřib J. The low-temperature method for study of coniferous tissues in the environmental scanning electron microscope. Microscope Res. Tech. 2015;78:13–21. doi: 10.1002/jemt.22439. PubMed DOI

Schenkmayerová A, et al. Physical and bioengineering properties of polyvinyl alcohol lens-shaped particles versus spherical polyelectrolyte complex microcapsules as immobilisation matrices for a whole-cell baeyer–villiger monooxygenase. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2014;174:1834–1849. doi: 10.1007/s12010-014-1174-x. PubMed DOI

Medina C, Banfill PFG, Sánchez de Rojas MI, Frías M. Rheological and calorimetric behaviour of cements blended with containing ceramic sanitary ware and construction/demolition waste. Constr. Build. Mater. 2013;40:822–831. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.112. DOI

Impact of Supersonic Flow in Scintillator Detector Apertures on the Resulting Pumping Effect of the Vacuum Chambers