Parallel adaptive radiations have arisen following the colonization of islands by lizards and lakes by fishes. In these classic examples, parallel adaptive radiation is a response to the ecological opportunities afforded by the colonization of novel ecosystems and similar adaptive landscapes that favour the evolution of similar suites of ecomorphs, despite independent evolutionary histories. Here, we demonstrate that parallel adaptive radiations of cichlid fishes arose in South American rivers. Speciation-assembled communities of pike cichlids (Crenicichla) have independently diversified into similar suites of novel ecomorphs in the Uruguay and Paraná Rivers, including crevice feeders, periphyton grazers and molluscivores. There were bursts in phenotypic evolution associated with the colonization of each river and the subsequent expansion of morphospace following the evolution of the ecomorphs. These riverine clades demonstrate that characteristics emblematic of textbook parallel adaptive radiations of island- and lake-dwelling assemblages are feasible evolutionary outcomes even in labile ecosystems such as rivers.

Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina

Department of Biological Sciences and Auburn University Museum of Natural History Auburn University Auburn AL USA

Department of Zoology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic

División Zoologia Vertebrados Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo Universidad Nacional de La Plata Buenos Aires Argentina

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Exon-based Phylogenomics and the Relationships of African Cichlid Fishes: Tackling the Challenges of Reconstructing Phylogenies with Repeated Rapid Radiations

MtDNA species-level phylogeny and delimitation support significantly underestimated diversity and endemism in the largest Neotropical cichlid genus (Cichlidae: Crenicichla)

Island- and lake-like parallel adaptive radiations replicated in rivers

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Dryad
10.5061/dryad.678rp