Sequence comparison between spelt and common wheat reveals that the former has huge potential in enriching the genetic variation of the latter. Genetic variation is the foundation of crop improvement. By comparing genome sequences of a Triticum spelta accession and one of its derived hexaploid lines with the sequences of the international reference genotype Chinese Spring, we detected variants more than tenfold higher than those present among common wheat (T. aestivum L) genotypes. Furthermore, different from the typical 'V-shaped' pattern of variant distribution often observed along wheat chromosomes, the sequence variation detected in this study was more evenly distributed along the 3B chromosome. This was also the case between T. spelta and the wild emmer genome. Genetic analysis showed that T. spelta and common wheat formed discrete groups. These results showed that, although it is believed that the spelt and common wheat are evolutionarily closely related and belong to the same species, a significant sequence divergence exists between them. Thus, the values of T. spelta in enriching the genetic variation of common wheat can be huge.

Crop Research Institute Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences 4 Shizishan Road Jinjiang District Chengdu 610066 China

CSIRO Agriculture and Food 306 Carmody Road St Lucia QLD 4067 Australia

Institute of Experimental Botany Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Šlechtitelů 31 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic

National Center for Gene Research Chinese Academy of Sciences 500 Caobao Road Shanghai 200233 China

Triticeae Research Institute Sichuan Agricultural University Wenjiang Chengdu 611130 China

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